klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa

IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 11.11.02, 15:31

"The use of the atomic bomb, with its indiscriminate killing of women and
children, revolts my soul."
— President Herbert Hoover

The UNNECESSARY Bombing
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

From A People's History of the United States
by Howard Zinn,
and the Political Literacy Course of the Common Courage Press:
The bombing of Japanese cities continued the strategy of saturation bombing
to destroy civilian morale; one nighttime fire-bombing of Tokyo took 80,000
lives. (Zinn points out in the book that "nighttime bombing" was by its very
nature indiscriminate, not aimed primarily at military targets.)

And then, on August 6, 1945, came the lone American plane in the sky over
Hiroshima, dropping the first atomic bomb, leaving perhaps 100,000 Japanese
dead, and tens of thousands more slowly dying from radiation poisoning.

Twelve U.S. navy fliers in the Hiroshima city jail were killed in the
bombing, a fact that the U.S. government has never officially acknowledged,
according to historian Martin Sherwin ("A World Destroyed").

Three days later, a second atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki,
with perhaps 50,000 killed.

The justification for these atrocities was that this would end the war
quickly, making unnecessary an invasion of Japan. Such an invasion would cost
a huge number of lives, the government said — a million, according to
Secretary of State Byrnes; half a million, Truman claimed was the figure
given by General George Marshall. (When the papers of the Manhattan Project —
the project to build the atom bomb — were released years later, they showed
that Marshall urged a warning to the Japanese about the bomb, so people could
be removed and only military targets hit.)

These estimates of invasion losses were not realistic, and seem to have been
pulled out of the air to justify bombings which, as their effects became
known, horrified more and more people.

Japan, by August 1945, was in desperate shape and ready to surrender. A New
York Times military analyst wrote, shortly after the war:

"The enemy, in a military sense, was in a hopeless strategic position by the
time the Potsdam demand for unconditional surrender was made on July 26."

Such then, was the situation when we wiped out Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, set up by the War Department in
1944 to study the results of aerial attacks in the war, interviewed hundreds
of Japanese civilian and military leaders after Japan surrendered, and
reported just after the war:

"Based on a detailed investigation of all the facts and supported by the
testimony of the surviving Japanese leaders involved, it is the Survey's
opinion that certainly prior to December 31 1945, and in all probability
prior to 1 November 1945, Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic
bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even
if no invasion had been planned or contemplated."

But could American leaders have known this in August 1945?

The answer is, clearly, yes. The Japanese code had been broken, and Japan's
messages were being intercepted.

It was known the Japanese had instructed their ambassador in Moscow to work
on peace negotiations with the Allies. Japanese leaders had begun talking of
surrender a year before this, and the Emperor himself had begun to suggest,
in June 1945, that alternatives to fighting to the end be considered.

On July 13, Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo wired his ambassador in
Moscow: "Unconditional surrender is the only obstacle to peace." Martin
Sherwin, after an exhaustive study of the relevant historical documents,
concludes: "Having broken the Japanese code before the war, American
Intelligence was able to — and did — relay this message to the President, but
it had no effect whatever on efforts to bring the war to conclusion."

If only Americans had not insisted on unconditional surrender — that is, if
they were willing to accept one condition to the surrender, that the Emperor,
a holy figure to the Japanese, remain in place — the Japanese would have
agreed to stop the war.

Why did the United States not take that small step to save both American and
Japanese lives? Was it because too much money and effort had been invested in
the atomic bomb not to drop it? General Leslie Groves, head of the Manhattan
Project, described Truman as a man on a toboggan, the momentum too great to
stop it.

Or was it, as British scientist P.M.S. Blackett suggested ("Fear, War, and
the Bomb"), that the United States was anxious to drop the bomb before the
Russians entered the war against Japan?

The Russians had secretly agreed (they were officially not at war with Japan)
they would come into the war ninety days after the end of the European war.
That turned out to be May 8, and so, on August 8, the Russians were due to
declare war on Japan.

But by then the big bomb had been dropped, and the next day a second one
would be dropped on Nagasaki; the Japanese would surrender to the United
States, not the Russians, and the United States would be the occupier of
postwar Japan.

In other words, Blackett says, the dropping of the bomb was "the first major
operation of the cold diplomatic war with Russia."

Blackett is supported by American historian Gar Alperovitz ("Atomic
Diplomacy"), who notes a diary entry for July 28, 1945, by Secretary of the
Navy James Forrestal, describing Secretary of State James F. Byrnes as

"most anxious to get the Japanese affair over with before the Russians got
in."

Truman had said, "The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped
on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first
attack to avoid, insofar was possible, the killing of civilians."

It was a preposterous statement. Those 100,000 killed in Hiroshima were
almost all civilians. The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey said in its official
report:

"Hiroshima and Nagasaki were chosen as targets because of their concentration
of activities and population."
The dropping of the second bomb on Nagasaki seems to have been scheduled in
advance, and no one has ever been able to explain why it was dropped. Was it
because this was a plutonium bomb whereas the Hiroshima bomb was a uranium
bomb? Were the dead and irradiated of Nagasaki victims of a scientific
experiment?

Martin Sherwin says that among the Nagasaki dead were probably American
prisoners of war. He notes a message of July 31 from Headquarters, U.S.
Strategic Air Forces, Guam, to the War Department:

"Reports prisoner of war sources, not verified by photos, given location of
Allied prisoner of war camp one mile north of center of city of Nagasaki.
Does this influence the choice of this target for initial Centerboard
operation? Request immediate reply."
The reply: "Targets previously assigned for Centerboard remain unchanged."

True, the war ended quickly. Italy had been defeated a year earlier. Germany
had recently surrendered, crushed primarily by the armies of the Soviet Union
on the Eastern Front, aided by the Allied armies on the West. Now Japan
surrendered. The Fascist powers were destroyed.

But what about fascism — as idea, as reality? Were its essential elements —
militarism, racism, imperialism — now gone? Or were they absorbed into the
already poisoned bones of the victors.

"The world has achieved brilliance without conscience. Ours is a world of
nuclear giants and ethical infants."
— General Omar Bradley
    • Gość: diabeł klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 11.11.02, 15:33
      Second-Guessing Hiroshima

      www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/Atomicvictims.html
      By Leo Maley III and Uday Mohan

      Second-guessing the necessity and morality of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima
      and Nagasaki 55 years ago is nothing new. Contrary to widely held opinion, the
      first critics of America's use of atomic weapons were not disillusioned 1960s
      radicals but figures from the conservative establishment and the highest ranks
      of the military.

      Criticism began within days of the obliteration of the two Japanese cities. On
      August 8, 1945, two days after the destruction of Hiroshima, former President
      Herbert Hoover wrote,

      "The use of the atomic bomb, with its indiscriminate killing of women and
      children, revolts my soul."
      Two days later, John Foster Dulles and Methodist Bishop G. Bromley Oxnam
      together urged President Truman to forgo additional use of the new weapon,
      saying they opposed the bomb's indiscriminate obliteration of human beings.

      Within days of the Hiroshima bombing, David Lawrence, the editor of what is
      now "U.S. News & World Report," wrote that Japanese surrender had appeared
      inevitable weeks before the bomb's use.

      The claim of "military necessity," he argued, rang hollow. Official
      justifications would "never erase from our minds the simple truth that we, of
      all civilized nations ... did not hesitate to employ the most destructive
      weapon of all times indiscriminately against men, women and children."
      Such criticisms were not limited to civilians. The very day after the atomic
      bomb hit Hiroshima, the personal pilot of General Douglas MacArthur, commander
      of Allied forces in the Pacific, recorded in his diary that MacArthur
      was "appalled and depressed by this Frankenstein monster."

      In 1963 President Eisenhower, the Allied commander in Europe during World War
      II, recalled, as he did on several other occasions, that in July 1945 he had
      opposed using the atomic bomb on Japan during a meeting with Secretary of War
      Henry Stimson:

      ". . . I told him I was against it on two counts. First, the Japanese were
      ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing.
      Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon."
      No one should easily discount these views. These six men were all respected
      public figures. With the exception of Oxnam, all were conservatives. None was a
      pacifist. None of the five who survived into the 1960s publicly opposed the war
      in Vietnam.

      Their dissenting opinions were not based on hindsight. They voiced their
      beliefs even before the war ended. These men considered the use of the atomic
      bomb to have been militarily unnecessary and morally repugnant based on the
      information available to them in the summer of 1945.

      Keep this in mind when, on Hiroshima anniversaries, you hear claims that
      opposition to the bombing emerged only in the 1960s, or that critics must,
      necessarily, be liberals or pacifists.

      The comments of men such as Hoover and Eisenhower, leading Republicans whose
      qualities of caution and prudence cannot be questioned, lend support to the
      view that America's use of atomic weapons to end World War II cannot easily be
      defended. The passage of time has done nothing to alter these considered
      judgments.

      The authors, Leo Maley III and Uday Mohan, are graduate history students at the
      University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and American University, Washington,
      D.C., respectively. They research and write about Hiroshima and American
      culture.


    • Gość: diabeł klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 11.11.02, 15:36
      The URL for his article is emperors-clothes.com/articles/stowell/a-
      bomb.htm
      For a printable version of this article, please click here.

      www.tenc.net
      [Emperor's Clothes]

      Why The U.S.A. Dropped The A-Bomb on Japan
      by Michael W. Stowell [2-27-2001]

      "A long habit of not thinking a thing wrong gives it a superficial appearance
      of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom."
      (Thomas Payne "Common Sense" 1776)

      On July 17, 1945, U.S. President Harry Truman, British Prime Minister Winston
      Churchill and the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin met in Potsdam, Germany to
      discuss surrender terms for the Japanese and Russia's planned entry into the
      Pacific campaign. Stalin had received communications outlining a conditional
      surrender that would allow Japanese Emperor Hirohito to remain as a ceremonial
      functionary.

      Hours earlier, approximately 230 miles from Los Alamos, New Mexico in the
      Jornada del Mueto valley at the "Trinity" test site, the world's first atomic
      bomb was detonated. After viewing the horrific explosion the director of the
      Los Alamos National Laboratory, J. Robert Oppenheimer, quoted the Bhagavad-
      Gita: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds."

      Scientists working on plutonium production at the "Metallurgical Project"
      laboratory at the University of Chicago debated whether the atomic bomb should
      be used against Japan. A committee chaired by Nobel laureate James Franck urged
      the United States to demonstrate the new weapon on a barren island. Conversely,
      another all-civilian group named the "Interim Committee", chaired by Secretary
      of War Henry Stimson, advised that the weapon be used directly.

      However, Stimson also stated

      "I am inclined to think that there is enough such chance to make it well
      worthwhile our giving them a warning of what is to come and a definite
      opportunity to capitulate. We have the following enormously favorable factors
      on our side, factors much weightier that those we had against Germany: Japan
      has no allies; Her navy is nearly destroyed and she is vulnerable to a surface
      and underwater blockade which can deprive her of sufficient food and supplies
      for her population; She is terribly vulnerable to our concentrated air attack
      upon her crowded cities, industrial and food resources; She has against her not
      only Anglo-American forces but the rising forces of China and the ominous
      threat of Russia."

      "During his (Secretary of War Henry Stimson's) recitation of the relative
      facts, I had been conscious of a feeling of depression and so I voiced to him
      my grave misgivings: first, on the basis of my belief that Japan was already
      defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary, and secondly,
      because I thought that our country should avoid shocking the world opinion by
      the use of a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a
      measure to save American lives. It was my belief that Japan was, at that very
      moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of "face." The
      secretary was deeply perturbed by my attitude." (General Dwight D. Eisenhower)

      President Truman's private journal and correspondence written at the time of
      the bombings indicate that contrary to his public justification of the bombings
      as the only way to end the war without a costly invasion of Japan, Truman had
      already concluded that Japan was about to capitulate. Whether or not he was
      correct in this estimate of when the war would end, the fact that he held this
      view at the time he made his decision to use the atomic bombs is clearly set
      down in his own hand.

      "I cannot speak for the others but it was ever present in my mind that it was
      important that we have an end to the war before the Russians came in...Neither
      the President nor I were anxious to have them (the Soviets) enter the war after
      we had learned of this successful (atomic) test." (James Byrnes, Secretary of
      State 1945-47)

      "Mr. Byrnes did not argue that it was necessary to use the bomb against the
      cities of Japan in order to win the war...Mr. Byrnes view (was) that our
      possessing and demonstrating the bomb would make Russia more managable in
      Europe." (Leo Szilard, Nuclear Physicist)

      "The use of the atomic bombs was precipitated by a desire to end the war in the
      Pacific by any means before Russia's participation. I'm sure if President
      Roosevelt had still been there, none of that would have been possible." (Albert
      Einstein)

      According to Admiral William D. Leahy, Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and
      President Truman's Chief of Staff: "The Japanese were already defeated and
      ready to surrender because of the effective sea blockade and the successful
      bombing with conventional weapons... In being the first to use it [the atomic
      bomb], we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark
      Ages."

      "It would be a mistake to suppose that the fate of Japan was settled by the
      atomic bomb. Her defeat was certain before the first bomb fell." (Winston
      Churchill)

      "The real purpose of building the bomb was to subdue the Soviets." (Gen. Leslie
      Groves, chief of the Manhattan Project)

      In early 1946, Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson appointed a committee
      charged with drafting an international agreement to avert a nuclear arms race.
      Under the terms of the plan, the U.S. would stop making nuclear weapons,
      dismantle existing weapons, and transfer its nuclear materials to an
      international authority after the Soviet Union had agreed to an in-depth
      inspection and verification program. The Soviets were developing nuclear
      weapons and wanted dismantlement first and inspections later. The disagreement
      has led to the largest and most dangerous military extravaganza the world has
      ever seen. The U.S. alone has spent approximately five trillion dollars on
      nuclear weapons.

      Moreover, a few months before the atomic bombing of Hiroshima the U.S. convened
      the Bretton Woods Conference, out of which the International Monetary Fund and
      the World Bank evolved. Control of world finance, combined with a military
      option no prospective opponent dared contemplate, insured the consolidation of
      what Henry Luce deemed the "American Century." Fifty-five years have passed
      since those early days in August 1945 and Washington D.C. remains the citadel
      of military/economic domination and capitalist imperialism.

      *all but one quote taken from "Hiroshima's Shadow" edited by Kai Bird and
      Lawrence Lifschultz from Pamphleteer's Press, Stony Creek, Connecticut
      codoh.com/review/revhirosh.html historians.org/new/hiroshima/
      www.tgarden.demon.co.uk/writings/articles/Hiroshima.html
      www.wpunj.edu/~newpol/issue25/scarlo25

      *the Admiral William D. Leahy quote is taken from an essay entitled "Why the
      atomic bomb wasn't necessary to end the war" by Janet Bloomfield, British
      Coordinator of the Atomic Mirror and a consultant to the Oxford Research Group
      in Oxford <jbloomfield@gn.apc.org>

      Michael W. Stowell, chairperson Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Commission P.O.Box
      4444 Arcata, CA 95518

      mwstowell@hotmail.com nonukes@arcatacityhall.org
      www.arcatacityhall.org/nukefree/index.html

      ***
    • Gość: diabeł klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 11.11.02, 15:41
      The Weapons of American Terrorism: Depleted Uranium

      Radioactive depleted uranium (DU) is 1.7 times heavier than lead. When a DU-
      tipped shell smashes at Mach II into a tank or armored personnel carrier it
      ignites and instantly burns its way through the heaviest armor. Then it burns
      alive the men inside.
      The impact and ignition also vaporizes the depleted uranium, creating an
      aerosol of radioactive heavy-metal particles. These particles soar upwards with
      the heat column of the flaming tank. From there the radioactive dust can travel
      as far as 190 miles (300 kilometers) on the wind.

      When inhaled or ingested, the depleted uranium particles cause chemical and
      radioactive damage to the bronchial tree, kidneys, liver and bones.

      Cancer often results, and the effects can even include genetic damage.

      The use of depleted uranium in the Desert Storm terror campaign has caused
      thousands of cancer cases among the civilian people of Iraq. The Gulf War
      Syndrome suffered by Gulf War veterans is due to their exposure to depleted
      uranium radiation, as well as other nasty chemical weapons and drugs of the
      U.S. military.

      In addition, since the American/British terror campaign began, thousands of
      Iraqi babies have been born with birth defects. A U.S. Department of Veterans
      study of 251 Gulf war veteran's families found that 67% had children with
      severe illnesses or birth defects.

      Dante's Inferno

      Depleted uranium is a low-level radioactive waste left over from the making of
      nuclear bombs and reactor fuel. Depleted uranium bullets were invented by the
      U.S. military in the 1970s — designed specifically to destroy the heavily
      armored Russian T-72 tanks. When a DU round slams into armor and burns, it
      actually self-sharpens. Thus it can penetrate through inches of heavy armor in
      a flash.

      It wasn't until the Desert Storm terror campaign of 1991 that the U.S. military
      finally got their chance to try it out on people in war. The magic bullet
      punctured the armor of Iraq's Soviet-made tanks like they were aluminum beer
      cans. Fired from an American tank or an A-10 Warthog aircraft, one round of
      depleted uranium could explode a T-72 into a mass of flames. Gleeful Americans
      called it "Dante's Inferno."

      American gunners raved ecstatically over the power of their new weapon as Iraqi
      men died horribly in their metal coffins.

      Poisoned aftermath

      American and British forces fired 300-800 tons of radioactive depleted uranium
      all over the deserts of Kuwait and southern Iraq. The chemically toxic dust
      blew all over the region and into the lungs of unfortunate men, women and
      children. By now that carcinogenic dust has insinuated itself deeply into the
      water, the land, the plants and animals and people.

      Depleted uranium, also known as the radioactive isotope U-238, doesn't just
      dissolve or go away. It's radioactivity has a half-life of 4.5 billion years.
      The genocidal United States military has permanently poisoned Kuwait, southern
      Iraq, Bosnia, the Kosovo highlands of Yugoslavia and much of the Yugoslavian
      Danube River basin — wherever DU fire was concentrated. In Iraq, cancer rates
      have quadrupled in areas of southern Iraq bombed by the American and British
      state terrorists. Cases of leukemia are starting to show up among people who
      served as NATO occupation forces in Bosnia and Kosovo. Expect more in the
      future.

      After the Gulf "War" Iraqi doctors witnessed a sharp increase in cancer cases
      among Iraqi people. But depleted uranium is only one of the causes. The
      American military used the opportunity of war to experiment with a variety
      toxic chemical weapons — as they did in the Korean and Vietnam wars. As they
      did in the 1999 terror campaign against the Yugoslavian people.

      As they will in future terror campaigns against overmatched armies and hapless
      civilian people.

      Pentagon officials have been forced to admit that thousands of U.S. soldiers
      were "unnecessarily exposed" to depleted uranium radiation in the Gulf War. But
      of course they claim those exposures were "not medically significant."

      Since Nature does not take orders from the Pentagon, however, the Gulf War
      Syndrome affects one out of seven Gulf War veterans. By some estimates, more
      than 120,000 Gulf War veterans are chronically ill.

      The Pentagon, unfortunately, has no respect for Nature. The power-drunk U.S.
      military brass enthusiastically insist that every future "battlefield" is going
      to be strewn with radioactive depleted uranium dust.

      In the end, of course, Nature is going to teach the Pentagon who is boss.

      Unfortunately the Pentagon brass are slow learners. Before they are finally
      defeated they are going to force a lot of people to die horrible deaths.

      From Rogue State
      by William Blum:

      In 1995, Iraqi health officials reported alarmingly high increases in rare and
      unknown diseases, primarily in children, and presented a study of this state of
      affairs to the United Nations. The increases occurred in leukemia, carcinoma,
      cancers of the lung and digestive system, late-term miscarriages, congenital
      diseases, and deformities in fetuses, such as anencephaly (absence of a brain),
      and fused fingers and toes, not unlike those found in the babies of Gulf War
      veterans.

      The Austrian president of the International Yellow Cross, Dr. Siegwart Gunther,
      stated that there was one significant common denominator: the allies' use of
      depleted uranium in the bombing of Iraq.

      In Scotland as well, DU has been linked to a leukemia cluster around the
      Ministry of Defense firing range at Dundrennan, near the Solway Firth.
      Communities close to the range, where 7,000 shells have been tested since 1983,
      reportedly show the highest rate of childhood leukemia in the UK.

      Depleted Uranium ammo fired in Yugoslavia and Bosnia

      During the 1999 American/NATO terror campaign NATO pilots fired from 31,000 to
      100,000 rounds of DU ammunition in Kosovo and all over the rest of Yugoslavia,
      including Montenegro. In 1995 at least 10,000 rounds of DU ammo were fired at
      the Serbian people of Bosnia as well.

      Now some of the soldiers who served as occupation forces in Bosnia and Kosovo
      have died of leukemia. More will follow. But the ever-lying, venal mass-media
      in America ignore the fact that millions of civilian people live in those DU-
      polluted places. What about their fate? The corporate-capitalist mass-media
      could not care less.

      The Gulf War Denial Syndrome

      Depleted uranium is cheap to produce and its homicidal effectiveness makes it
      one of the most prized weapons in the U.S. military arsenal.

      If the Pentagon were to admit to DU's carcinogenic, gene-damaging effect on the
      human body, they would be overwhelmed with compensation and reparations claims.
      In addition, the cost of cleaning up the mess they created would be many
      billions of dollars. The estimated cost of cleaning up the now-off-limits 500-
      acre Jefferson Proving Ground in Indiana is between $4 billion and $5 billion.

      Over four times that amount of depleted uranium was spread all over Kuwait and
      Iraq — and over a much larger area.

      You can bet the Pentagon brass are going to lie through their teeth about it.
      "(The Pentagon's) assertion that no Gulf War veterans could be ill from
      exposure to DU ... contradicts numerous pre- and postwar reports, some from the
      US Army itself."
      — Sen. Russell Feingold
      (D) Wisconsin
      September, 1998

      Tons of poisonous Agent Orange from the Vietnam genocide still pollute
      Southeast Asia. Millions of deadly cluster bombs still lie all over Laos,
      Cambodia and Vietnam. These American-made weapons still murder and maim
      hundreds of young men, women and children there every year.

      The U.S. Government refuses to lift a finger to undo the appalling damage it
      has done to millions of
      • Gość: diabeł klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 11.11.02, 15:46
        Tons of poisonous Agent Orange from the Vietnam genocide still pollute
        Southeast Asia. Millions of deadly cluster bombs still lie all over Laos,
        Cambodia and Vietnam. These American-made weapons still murder and maim
        hundreds of young men, women and children there every year.

        The U.S. Government refuses to lift a finger to undo the appalling damage it
        has done to millions of people in these lands. It refuses even to acknowledge
        the problem.

        Following this proud American tradition, the genocidal United States Corporate
        Mafia Government and their military henchmen are also denying the environmental
        and human destruction they have wrought in the Gulf and in the Balkans.



        "I guess they are waiting until half of us are dead before they give in. My
        volunteering days are over."
        — Mark Panzera
        Gulf War veteran
        suffering from Gulf War Syndrome


        • Gość: www.pravda.ru Re: w oczekiwaniu na wojne IP: 168.103.126.* 11.11.02, 17:13


          The War That Entailed Another War

          The old saying comes to memory: history teaches us that it teaches nothing

          Eighty four years ago, on November 11, 1918 an armistice was signed in
          Compiegne, which put an end to an unprecedented conflict, WWI. On the whole,
          the word “conflict” isn’t quite suitable here as WWI death toll was ten million
          people, and 20 million more were wounded in the military operations.

          It may sound blasphemous but in 84 years these figures are not so much
          impressive at all. And it’s probably clear why it happens this way: the much
          time passes since even the most tragic incident and less witnesses of it remain
          alive, the less the incident is recollected. And the matter in this case
          concerns just common people, national enterprise are not counted. If you try to
          stop any Russian, French, Turk, German or Englishman right in the street and
          ask him about November 11, 1918, there will be just few who mention the
          Compiegne armistice.

          Meanwhile, the WWI was one of the key reasons why the four empires, the
          Russian, the Osman, the Austro-Hungarian and the German, broke up. It is still
          a moot point whether the break-up was predetermined, or it’s no use to dispute
          who was right or wrong in that situation. Currently, these disputes are of any
          interest to scientists only. It’s much more interesting to know what
          consequences WWI brought to the humanity on the whole and to Europe in
          particular.

          The first idea is rather trite: as soon as WWI was over, preparation for the
          second world was immediately started. It is quite natural that defeated
          Germany, that aspired at the world’s leading role, couldn’t reconcile itself to
          the humiliation it suffered. The winners, England, France and the USA, were so
          much excited about the triumph that they couldn’t predict further activities
          neither of their own, or the actions of defeated Germany for several next
          years. And the result of it was quite natural: in fifteen years Germany got a
          new chancellor which it elected itself, that was Adolph Hitler. And Russia,
          although it was one of the key participants of the WWI, in fact remained aloof
          from decision-making in the after-war period. The 1917 revolution struck Russia
          out of the international affairs for some period.

          Another consequence of WWI was that the European community became accustomed to
          the idea that contemporary wars bring lots of victims, even including the civil
          population. Certainly the idea was shocking, and it took quite a lot of time to
          reconcile to it. And upsurge of the Pacifist movement is a good example to it.
          But was anything done to prevent incidents of this kind in the future? Nothing,
          in fact. All kinds of declarations on weapons restrictions and disarmament on
          the whole remained just declarations, as they had no considerable backing. No
          effective mechanisms were created to avoid mass victims among the civil
          population during military operations. That is why Europeans remained
          indifferent when the Fascist aviation bombed Spanish cities in 1936-1939. And
          they remained so until the bombs started dropping in Holland, France, Great
          Britain.

          To tell the truth, currently there are no guarantees at all that civil
          population won’t suffer during military operations. As it turned out, all
          conventions reached in this connection are effective only in peaceful time.

          We inherited one more thing from WWI: there is no hope that nothing of the kind
          won’t happen in the future. Certainly, the world has considerably changed over
          the past years. Until now, nobody, including the civilized countries, has
          invented a more effective way for defending its own interest, with the
          exception of usage of military force. The phraseology used at that hasn’t
          considerably changed as well: the slogans on protection of freedom and
          democracy always go first. To tell the truth, German Kaiser Wilhelm II wasn’t
          an active supporter of democracy when he waged the war. But he spoke so much
          about freedom that it bored even patriotically inclined Germans.

          So, the old saying comes to memory: history teaches us that it teaches nothing.
          And the WWI history isn’t an exception here as well.

          Oleg Artyukov
          PRAVDA.Ru
        • Gość: www.pravda.ru Re: blitzkrieg niedlugo IP: 168.103.126.* 11.11.02, 17:14
          American Blitzkrieg Awaits

          War against Iraq inevitable

          The resolution on Iraq that was passed by the UN Security Council has tied
          Washington’s hands. The diplomatic victory has turned out to be a defeat. Now,
          the States will have to obey the rules of the UN and hope that Saddam Hussein
          will stumble and fall on his own.

          Specialists have differing views regarding the resolution on Iraq passed by the
          United Nations Security Council. Some believe that it was a victory American
          diplomacy, while others think that it was the UN’s victory. However, there is
          once common opinion about the Iraqi issue. Everyone believes that there will be
          a war, only it will be slightly delayed now.

          The military operation against Iraq might start on December 8th, 2002. This is
          the deadline that was set by the UN security Council for Baghdad to present a
          complete list of the Iraqi weapons of mass destructio. This conclusion was made
          by the newspaper USA Today on the grounds of indirect official statements from
          senior American statesmen. US Secretary of State Colin Powel particularly said
          that the USA was not going to wait until February, trying to understand if Iraq
          is going to cooperate with the United States or not. National Security Adviser
          Condoleezza Rice claimed that the USA was not going to play the game of cat and
          mouse anymore. She added that Saddam Hussein would experience serious
          consequences in case of military maneuvers. Needless to mention, those serious
          consequences imply overthrowing Hussein, regardless of the UN's approval. A war
          plan has been developed and approved of by President Bush himself. The
          legitimacy of an invasion of Iraq is surely desirable for the US, but not
          necessary. Anyway, even if Saddam Hussein does not have any weapons of mass
          destruction, he will definitely have them when everything is over.

          The militarism of present-day American society brings us back in the time of
          World War II. It is all about war, and everything goes for war. American media
          talk about only war. Every American newspaper describes the details of the
          coming military operation in Iraq.

          According to the New York Times (with reference to high-ranking officials of
          the American administration), it is planned that about some 250 thousand
          soldiers will allegedly take part in the military action. The whole campaign is
          planned to be short: mass bombings and then obtaining control over Iraqi
          territory. Iraqi military objects are scheduled to be bombed for a month.
          Ground and special forces will seize the northern, western, and southern part
          of the country and then encircle Baghdad.

          In addition, the above-mentioned variant of the invasion of Iraq completely
          coincides with one the was published in the same newspaper back in July. Isn’t
          this strange? The article from the July issue of the New York Times said that
          the strike on Iraq would be conducted from the north, the south, and the west.
          Tens of thousands of marines and other soldiers are to participate in the
          operation. It was also planned to use hundreds of aircraft, which will take off
          from airbases in Kuwait, Turkey, and, possibly, Qatar. As it was said in that
          article, the major goal of the entire operation was to topple the Iraqi
          government.

          Around the same period of time, the British newspaper the Observer wrote an
          article about Jordan and Pakistan. According to the newspaper, the American
          administration was planning to strike Iraq at the end of 2002 or in the
          beginning of 2003. Jordan was planned to be used as a bridgehead. Pursuant to
          American military plans, Turkey, Kuwait, and Qatar would play key roles in the
          Iraqi affair. However, the air operation was planned to be launched from the
          territory of Jordan. About 250 thousand American, British, and other allied
          military men were going to be deployed to Jordan by the beginning of the
          military action.

          The newspaper referred to information that was obtained from the Iraqi
          opposition. Jordan-based Iraqi dissidents told British journalists that
          American special forces instructors were coming to Jordan to prepare the
          Jordanian troops for the future strike on Iraq. Furthermore, the newspaper
          cited eyewitnesses, who saw military exercises taking place at Muwaffaq Salti
          Air Base in the city of Azraq (75 kilometers to the east of Amman).

          Everything is clear as far as Turkey and Kuwait is concerned. The invasion of
          Iraq will start from their territories. However, there was a mistake made with
          Jordan, the same one that was made with Saudi Arabia before. Jordan will not be
          participating in the military action against Iraq, even if the action is
          authorized by the UN Security Council. This was stated in Cairo by Jordanian
          Foreign Minister Marwan Muasher. This official is now taking part in a meeting
          of Arab foreign ministers. The Jordanian minister also stated that his country
          would never allow America to use its territory as a base to strike Iraq from.

          Dmitry Litvinovich
        • Gość: www.pravda.ru Re: USA na pierwszym miejscu IP: 168.103.126.* 11.11.02, 17:17
          Biological Blame Game: USA in First Place

          The politics of biological weapons


          The 21st century has inherited a number of unsettled problems from the 20th
          century: terrorism, which has already gained an incredible scale; the countless
          number of hot spots on the planet; and the threat of a biological war. The
          world isn’t ready for a biological attack, and the anthrax scare in America was
          an obvious confirmation of this. The mass media were so focused on the problem,
          which in its turn caused a mass psychosis among the population. A biological
          weapon is an instrument for big-scale politics, and the USA openly demonstrates
          it (Washington thinks that the notorious “axis of evil” countries hold
          biological weapons.)

          No evidence is required; accusations are hurled at a country, and then its up
          to this country to prove its innocence. This is happening to Iraq, North Korea,
          Iran, and Cuba. This phobia is actively exploited not only by the political
          establishment, as Hollywood is also playing the game. You’ve probably also
          heard about the new fashion trends: people have started wearing ties with the
          biological cultures of anthrax, smallpox, plague, etc.

          The threat (or pseudo-threat) of a biological war is actively discussed on the
          top level. Talks designed to protect the world from the supposed increasing
          threat of biological war are to be recommenced in Geneva. About a year ago,
          consultations on the problem were suspended because Americans refused to
          participate in them. The countries that signed the 1972 Biological and Toxic
          Weapons Convention have been trying for several years already to make the
          convention prohibiting development and production of biological weapons work.
          The convention signed during the cold war was a mere declaration in fact: no
          measures for the realization of the convention were mentioned in the document
          at all. In December 2001, after many efforts spend on making the convention
          effective, Americans abandoned the negotiations, which shocked the world
          community. The USA says that the system suggested by the convention for control
          over enterprises in the biological sphere is ineffective and may entail
          violations, and these violations in their turn will endanger America’s national
          security, the BBC reports.

          The USA won’t sign the convention because it would have to open its
          laboratories to inspection, which very undesirable for America. Instead,
          Washington follows the trite principle that the best defense is an offense and
          accuses other countries of holding biological weapons. The Washington Post
          reported on Tuesday with reference to sources in the US special services that
          Iraq, North Korea, Russia, and France hold secret smallpox viruses.

          The American military is developing new-generation bacteriological weapons,
          which is a serious violation of international agreements on the prohibition of
          these kind of weapons. The Guardian informs that the statement was made by
          respected experts on both sides of the Atlantic. Professor Malcolm Dando, from
          the University of Bradford, and microbiologist Mark Wheelis, from the
          University of California, are sure that the USA is continuing to develop
          cluster bombs with biological components, with anthrax cultures for instance.
          The Guardian reports that the scientists point out the obvious contradictions
          in the domestic and foreign policies of the USA, which is ready to wage a war
          with Iraq with the supposed goal of stopping the production of the very same
          kinds of weapons that it is developing itself. Professor Dando says that secret
          military laboratories are working on the following.

          1. Attempts are being made to develop a bacteriological weapon using
          bacteriological materials open to all; this is being done to prove that
          terrorists might also do this as well.

          2. Research projects are be conducted with the goal of genetically engineering
          dangerous cultures, including an anthrax resistant to modern antibiotics.

          3. These laboratories are also working on the production of dry anthrax spores.
          However, the scale of these research projects disagrees with the declared
          goals; it is impossible to find out how the spore surplus is being used.

          Specialists in biological and chemical weapons also say that the USA is
          developing so-called “non-deadly” kinds of weapons, similar to the narcotic gas
          used during the storm of the theater in Moscow occupied by Chechen terrorists.
          The American military is also developing new generation biological weapons,
          which is a serious violation of international agreements prohibiting the
          production of these kind of weapons.

          The US’s double-dealing in the production and usage of biological weapons
          brings to nothing to all the efforts of the world community to gain control
          over the usage of such deadly weapons. Moreover, currently, members of the 1972
          convention don’t speak in support of international inspections. They just hope
          that countries that had signed the document 30 years ago will agree to hold
          annual, non-committal discussions. The main objective they pursue is to
          constantly remind the world about the necessity to be on the look-out. Isn’t
          this funny? It’s obvious that the USA is laughing at the whole of the world:
          Washington wants to postpone the talks on the 1972 convention until 2006.
          Observers say that new suggestions are ineffective and are unlikely to be
          approved of by the White House. The principle often used by the USA, “ Quod
          liced Jovi non liced bovi,” is still in force.


          Dmitry Litvinovich
          PRAVDA.Ru
        • Gość: www.pravda.ru Re: 18 listopada Blix w Iraku IP: 168.103.126.* 11.11.02, 17:19
          Blix: UNMOVIC in Baghdad Next Monday

          The executive chairman of the UN weapons inspection team, Hans Blix, declared
          on Friday that the team would arrive in Baghdad on Monday 18th November to
          begin inspections.

          The President of the UN Security Council, which issued a unanimous message to
          Baghdad to accept the conditions of the resolution of face “serious
          consequences” in the form of the Resolution 1441 passed on Friday, called the
          document “a message of peace, a message of goodwill, a message of hope”.

          UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan declared that he hoped Iraq will “seize the
          opportunity” to comply with the resolution and “what is important is
          performance”. US Ambassador to the UN John Negroponte described the resolution
          as “a very strong and important message to the Government of Iraq that the
          Council and the international community are united in their demand that they
          comply with their disarmament obligation” while admitting that the text of the
          document contains “no hidden triggers” threatening violence.

          British Ambassador to the UN Sir Jeremy Greenstock declared that of Iraq chose
          the path of concealment and non-compliance, the matter will go back to the
          Security Council for a further debate on action to be taken. This message gores
          against Washington’s former position advocating the right to use force
          unilaterally and outside the jurisdiction of the UNO.

          Russia’s Ambassador, Sergey Lavrov, confirmed that intensive talks behind the
          scenes had provided a document that “does not contain any provisions about
          automatic use of force”. The text #deflects the direct threat of war and opens
          up the road to further work in the interests of a political, diplomatic
          settlement”.

          Diplomacy has won the day over violence, at least as far as the UNO is
          concerned. The first steps towards a New World Order based on multi-lateral and
          egalitarian participation have been taken. Now it is up to Baghdad to see how
          practical it is to implement.

          Timothy BANCROFT-HINCHEY
          PRAVDA.Ru
        • Gość: reuters Re: plany wojenne IP: 168.103.126.* 11.11.02, 17:22
          Iraq: UN decision foils U.S. war plans

          By Reuters




          BAGHDAD/WASHINGTON - Iraq put a brave face on the passing of a UN resolution
          giving it a last chance to disarm, insisting yesterday that the international
          community had thereby foiled a U.S. plot to wage war.

          But there was no immediate sign Baghdad would automatically bow to a document
          threatening "serious consequences" unless it opens its territory to tough new
          weapons inspections. Iraq has one week to comply, and the clock began ticking
          on Friday.

          "Iraq will study the resolution then take the appropriate position on it,"
          Iraqi Foreign Minister Naji Sabri said in Cairo, after meeting Egyptian Foreign
          Minister Ahmed Maher. "The United States' use of the Security Council as a
          cover for aggression against Iraq was foiled by the international community
          because the international community does not share the appetite of the evil
          administration in Washington for aggression, murder and destruction." The
          official Iraqi news agency called the resolution "bad and unjust," but
          added: "The leadership of Iraq is studying it calmly and will take the
          necessary decision in the next few days."

          Meanwhile, U.S. President George W. Bush warned Iraq yesterday that any act of
          delay or defiance would be a breach of its international obligations under the
          UN resolution. Bush said Saddam failed to allow immediate and unrestricted
          access to every site, every document and every person identified by UN weapons
          inspectors, it would be a clear signal of noncompliance.

          "The world has now come together to say that the outlaw regime in Iraq will not
          be permitted to build or possess chemical, biological or nuclear weapons," he
          said in his weekly radio address. "And my administration will see to it that
          the world's judgment is enforced."

          With the unanimous UN Security Council resolution in his pocket and U.S.
          military forces stationed in and around the Mideast, Bush made it clear he
          would not accept any stalling from the Iraqi government.

          "Iraq must now, without delay or negotiations, give up its weapons of mass
          destruction, welcome full inspections and fundamentally change the approach it
          has taken for more than a decade," he said. "Iraq can be certain that the old
          game of cheat and retreat, tolerated at other times, will no longer be
          tolerated."

          Bush did not mention what Washington calls "regime change," but a U.S. sources
          said the Iraqi leader had been given one last chance to disarm. "And if
          disarmament does not take place, the regime does not change its stripes, so to
          speak, and refuses to cooperate, then there will be a regime change by force,"
          he said.

          Bush said Saddam must not try to haggle over the resolution's terms. "His
          cooperation must be prompt and unconditional, or he will face the severest
          consequences," the president said.


    • Gość: ap Re: klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: 168.103.126.* 11.11.02, 17:33
      AP; Reuters. 10 November 2002. Israeli helicopters fire rockets into metal
      workshop in Gaza City; Gunman kills five in Israeli kibbutz attack.

      GAZA CITY and JENIN
      • Gość: igb Re: klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: RDGINFAPROX* / 195.152.54.* 11.11.02, 18:38
        Robert Fisk: O czym amerykanski Prezydent chcialby zebysmy zapomnieli.
        (9/10/02).

        Obecnie kazdy dzien przynosi coraz to bardziej nieprawdopodobne cytaty, a
        nawet coraz trudniejsza do strawienia, wojenna obsesje prezydenta Bush’a.
        Wczoraj, George Bush, mowil do publicznosci w Cincinnati o “swietej wojnie
        nuklearnej”. Zapomnijmny na chwile, ze do dnia dzisiejszego nie mamy
        dowodow na to ze Saddam Hessein posiada bron nuklearna. Zapomnijmy, ze to
        ostatnie przemowienie Bush’a jest stara i dobrze zmeczona lista wszystkich
        wywodow z gatunku “byc moze”, “chyba” i “prawdopodobie” wyciagniete ze
        slabiutkiego i historycznie nieuczciwego 16-stronicowego “dossier” Tony
        Blair’a, zawierajace domniewane oskarzenia. Zapomnijmy o tym, ze jezeli
        Osama Bin Laden kiedykolwiek nabyl bron nuklearna, sam pierwszy uzylby tejze
        broni przeciwko Saddamowi.

        Nic to. Teraz mamy walczyc ze “swietymi nuklearnymi wojownikami ”. Oto co
        musimy uczynic by dac racje bytu szaradzie wymyslonej i kierowanej przez
        Bialy Dom, przez Downing Street, przez zasniedzialych “ekspertow” od
        terroryzmu i, niestety takze, przez falange dziennikarzy.

        Zapomnijmy o 14-u Palestynczykach, w tym 12-letnim dziecku zabitym przez
        Izraelczykow na kilka godzin przed przemowieniem Bush’a, zapomnijmy o 9-ciu
        dzieciach zabitych wraz z jednym bojownikiem w lipcu przez samolot wyslany
        przez premiera Sharon’a, ‘czlowieka pokoju’ by zacytowac slowa prezydenta
        Bush’a, ktory zdefiniowal rzez jako ‘wielki sukces’. Izrael jest po naszej
        stronie.

        Pamietajmy aby uzyc slowo ‘terror’. Uzywajmy je mowiac o Saddamie
        Hussainie, czy mowiac of Osama bin Ladenie, czy Yasser Arafacie. Uzyjmy to
        slowo o kazdym ktokolwiek wazy sie oprzec sie Izraelowi czy Ameryce. Bush
        uzyl tego slowa 30 razy w swoim 30-minutowym przemowieniu: w tempie jeden
        terroryzm na minute.

        A teraz spojrzmy na liste tego o czym musimy naprawde zapomniec, jesli mamy
        poprzec to szalenstwo. Najwazniejszym, naczelnym dla nas zadaniem jest
        zapomniec o tym, ze prezydent Ronald Reagan, w grudniu 1983 roku wydelegowal
        specjalnego wyslannika na spotkanie z Saddam Husseinem. Ten konieczny zanik
        pamieci jest wazny z 3 powodow. Po pierwsze dlatego, ze paskudny Saddam juz
        wtedy uzyl gazu trujacego przeciwko Iranczykom, a wiec z tego wlasnie powodu
        dla ktorego mamy teraz toczyc przeciwko niemu wojne.

        Po drugie, dlatego ze ten wyslannik zostal wydelegowany do Iraku any
        ponownie otworzyc ambasade amerykanska, aby zabezpieczyc lepszy handel i
        stosunki gospodarcze z Rzezca z Bagdadu. Po trzecie, dlatego ze tym
        wyslannikiem, jesli mozesz to sobie wyobrazic, byl nie kto inny lecz Donald
        Rumsfeld. Ten szczegolny detal moze wydac sie dziwnym przeoczeniem przez
        pana Rumsfelda, ktory w czasie swoim pogaduszek z prasa nigdy nie wspomnial
        o tym drobiazgu. A wydawaloby sie, ze zalezy mu na tym by rozjasnic nasze
        mysli co do diabelskiej natury kryminalisty ktoremu tak cieplo uscisnal
        reke. A jednak nie.

        Dziwne, ze pan Rumsfeld milczy o tym. Tak samo zreszta, jak milczy o rownie
        cieplym spotkaniu w tym samym czasie z Tarik Azizem. To wlasnie spotkanie
        ktore odbylo sie w tym samym dniu w marcu 1984 roku, w ktorym to dniu ONZ
        wydalo raport kategorycznie oskarzajacego Saddama o uzyciu gazu przeciwko
        Iranowi. Amerykanskie media takze, rzecz jasna, o tym milcza. Bo musimy o
        tym zapomniec.

        Musimy takze zapomniec, ze w 1988 roku, w czasie gdy Saddam zagazowal na
        smierc ludnosc Halabdzy, wraz z dziesiatkami tysiecy innych Kurdow, gdy
        ‘uzyl gazu przeciwko wlasnej ludnosci’, by zacytowac slowa panow Bush’a,
        Cheney’a, Blair’a, Cook’a, Straw’a et al, prezydent Bush senior zaopatrzyl
        Hussein’a w amerykanskie subsydia rzadowe w wysokosci $500 milionow dolarow,
        by mogl on kupic amerykanskie produkty rolne. Musimy zapomniec, ze w rok
        pozniej, gdy zaglada ludobojstwa sie dokonala, prezydent Bush podwoil owe
        subsydia do wysokosci 1 miliarda dolarow, wraz z ziarnem do produkcji
        anthrax, helikopterami i materialem ‘podwojnego zastosowania’: do uzycia w
        broni chemicznej i biologicznej.

        Gdy prezydent Bush junior przyrzeka obywatelom Iraku “ere nowej nadziei” i
        demokracje po zniszczeniu Saddama, tak jak to przyrzekl we wczorajszym
        przemowieniu, musimy zapomniec jak to amerykanie przyrzekli Pakistanowi i
        Afganistanowi nowa ere nadziei po pokonaniu armii radzieckiej w 1980 roku i
        nie zrobili niczego.

        Musimy zapomniec jak to prezydent Bush senior nawolywal Irakczykow do
        powstania przeciwko Saddamowi w 1991 roku, i gdy ci posluchali, porzucil ich
        na wlasny los. Musimy zapomniec, jak to Ameryka obiecala nowa ere nadziei
        dla Somalii w 1993 roku, kiedy to po zestrzeleniu helikopteru ‘Czarny
        Jastrzab”, porzucili i ten kraj.

        Musimy zapomniec jak to prezydent Bush junior przyrzekl “poprzec” Afganistan
        przed tym nim zaczal ich bombardowac w zeszlym roku, i porzucil ich
        zniszczony kraj na pastwe mafii narkotykowej, wojennych kacykow, anarchii i
        strachu. Wczoraj Bush chwalil sie jak to “wyzwolil” lud Afganistanu, w tym
        samym czasie gdy Bin Laden jest nadal na wolnosci, tak zreszta jak i mulla
        Omar, w tym samym czasie kiedy jego wlasna armia jest pod codziennym
        obstrzalem. Sluchajac tego jak to musimy wyslac inspektorow broni, musimy
        zapomniec ze CIA skrycie uzywalo inspektorow ONZ-u do szpiegowanie Iraku.

        Rzecz jasna, musimy zapomniec o ropie. No i wlasnie, ropa jest tym jedynym
        elementem o ktorym prezydent Bush ma jakie takie pojecie. Tak samo zreszta
        jak i jego byli partnerzy do ropy: Cheney, Rice is niezliczone rzesze innych
        czlonkow administracji, o czym nigdy sie nie wspomina.

        W czasie owego wczorajszego 30-o minutowego przemowienia wymierzonego
        przeciwko Irakowi, Bush spedzil dwie milutkie minuty na uwage jak to on ma
        "nadzieje, ze nie bedzie potrzeby na akcje militarna". Ani razu nie
        wspomnial o tym, ze pola roponosne Iraku ocenia sie na wieksze niz pola
        Arabii Saudyjskiej, ze amerykanskie koncerny ropy przygotowuja sie do
        miliardowych zyskow na wypadek amerykanskiej inwazji; ze gdy skoncza sie
        rzady Bush’a, on i jego kumple moga stac sie multi-miliarderami.

        O tym wsystkim musimy zapomniec przed tym nim wybierzemy na wojne.
        • Gość: - Re: klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: 168.103.126.* 11.11.02, 20:22
          dobre tlumaczenie, dziekujemy
    • Gość: DIABEŁ klasyka terroryzmu : fRANCJA IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 11.11.02, 21:02
      The Changing Faces of Terrorism
      By Professor Adam Roberts

      The oft-repeated statement 'One man's terrorist is another man's freedom
      fighter' reflects genuine doubts about what constitutes 'terrorism'. Sir Adam
      Roberts surveys the ever-changing definition of terrorist activity, including
      mass murder of civilians exemplified by the events of September 11.

      Page 1 of 7
      www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/sept_11/changing_faces_01.shtml
      Origins

      The attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon on September 11
      confirmed that terrorism had acquired a new face. Terrorists were now engaged
      in a campaign of suicide and mass murder on a huge scale. Previously it had
      been possible to believe that there were limits beyond which even terrorists
      would not go. After the thousands of deaths on September 11, it was evident
      that at least one group would stop at nothing.

      '...terror is often at its bloodiest when used by dictatorial governments
      against their own citizens.'
      Terrorism was not always like this. Its history is as much European as Middle
      Eastern, and as much secular as religious. Far from being wilfully
      indiscriminate, it was often pointedly discriminate. Yet there are some common
      threads that can be traced through the history of terrorism. What happened on
      September 11 was a sinister new twist in an old story of fascination with
      political violence.

      Terror during the French Revolution © The word 'terrorism' entered into
      European languages in the wake of the French revolution of 1789. In the early
      revolutionary years, it was largely by violence that governments in Paris tried
      to impose their radical new order on a reluctant citizenry. As a result, the
      first meaning of the word 'terrorism', as recorded by the Académie Française in
      1798, was 'system or rule of terror'. This serves as a healthy reminder that
      terror is often at its bloodiest when used by dictatorial governments against
      their own citizens.




    • Gość: DIABEŁ CZY MOZNA ZDEFINIOWAĆ TERRORYZM? IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 11.11.02, 21:09
      www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/archive/0102/14_2/04.shtml

      Adam Roberts suggests that terrorism is easier to condemn than to define
      -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      Adam Roberts is Montague Burton Professor of International Relations and a
      Fellow of Balliol College. His most recent book (edited with Richard Guelff) is
      Documents on the Laws of War, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press,
      -------------------------------------------------------------------
      On the weeks after 11 September 2001, the question 'what is terrorism?'
      hardly needed to be asked. The attack on the World Trade Center was such a
      paradigmatic case that it posed no definitional question. Clandestine, wilfully
      destructive of human life on a colossal scale and a product of the classic
      delusion that dramatic acts of violence would make the opponent's system
      collapse - if these acts were not terrorism, then the category does not exist.
      Few if any governments objected to calling the 11 September
      attacks 'terrorist'.

      However, after the military operations in Afghanistan toppled the Taliban
      regime in December 2001, new and projected phases in the 'war on terrorism'
      raised the question of who are the proper targets of any military or police
      measures. A general campaign against terrorism requires some shared
      understanding of what terrorism is.

      I do not share the academic addiction to definitions. This is partly because
      there are many words that we know and use without benefit of definition. 'Left'
      and 'right' are good examples, at least in their physical meaning. I sympathise
      with the dictionary editor who defines 'left' as 'the opposite of right' and
      then obliges by defining 'right' as 'the opposite of left'. A more basic reason
      for aversion to definitions is that in the subject I teach, international
      relations, you have to accept that infinite varieties of meaning attach to the
      same term in different countries, cultures and epochs. It is only worth
      entering into definitions if something hangs on them. In this case, something
      does.

      After 11 September, many people in Washington DC and elsewhere said that one
      might not be able to define terrorism, but one can recognise it when one sees
      it. This is a fine philosophy for extreme cases, not for lesser ones. Hence the
      years-long row about Noraid, which raised funds in the USA assisting the work
      of the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland. The UK viewed it as aiding
      terrorism, while the USA did not. Only in the wake of 11 September did the US
      government finally clamp down on it.

      • Gość: diabeł CZY MOZNA ZDEFINIOWAĆ TERRORYZM? IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 11.11.02, 22:09
        There was another reason for American nervousness about defining terrorism: its
        chameleon-like character. One day after the World Trade Center attack, a US
        Congressional Research Service briefing stated: 'Formal definitions of
        terrorism do not include terrorist activity for financial profit. Š Non-
        traditional harm such as computer "violence" may not be included as well.'

        Any attempt at definition has to avoid being excessively influenced by one
        particular manifestation of terrorism. When pressed for a definition in a
        television interview on 28 October, the chairman of the UN Security Council's
        committee on terrorism, Sir Jeremy Greenstock, reminded his interviewer that it
        was not his committee's job to define terrorism, and he indicated that it might
        be easier to define terrorist acts rather than terrorism generally. He
        suggested that terrorism should include indiscriminate use of violence,
        particularly against civilians, to further a political aim. Any definition
        along these lines would need stretching to encompass the attack on the Pentagon
        and some other contemporary cases; and it appeared to omit some of terrorism's
        past.

        Changes of meaning
        The search for a general definition of 'terrorism' has to start from the
        awkward historical fact that the term has had a number of distinct meanings.
        Its original usage, recorded by the Académie française in 1798, was 'system or
        rule of terror' - a reminder that terror is often used by dictatorial
        governments against their own citizens. The simple word 'terror' (rather
        than 'terrorism') is often used to refer to such cases, as in references to
        Stalin's 'great terror' and 'Khmer Rouge terror' in Cambodia.

        One political group - the small band of Russian revolutionaries of 'Narodnaya
        Volya' in the years 1878-81 - used the word 'terrorist' proudly. They believed
        in the targeted killing of the 'leaders of oppression'. Like their successors
        down to Osama Bin Laden, they framed their arguments in terms of a narrow
        conception of morality, held a simplified view of the world and showed little
        interest in prudential considerations. They propagated what has remained the
        common terrorist delusion that dramatic and violent acts would spark off
        revolution. Their efforts led to the assassination of Tsar Alexander II on 13
        March 1881 - an event that failed to have the transformative effect of which
        the terrorists had dreamed. Of the leading Russian revolutionaries of the time,
        only Plekhanov took a consistent and principled stand against terrorism.

        Terrorism continued for many decades to be associated primarily with the
        assassination of political leaders and heads of state. This was symbolised by
        the killing of the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand by a 19-year-old Bosnian Serb
        student, Gavril Princip, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. The huge consequences of
        this event were not the ones that the members of Young Bosnia had envisaged.
        Princip, like his colleagues in prison, could not believe that the
        assassination had helped to trigger the 1914-18 war.

        Varieties of terrorism
        In the half-century after the Second World War, terrorism broadened well beyond
        assassination of political leaders and heads of state. In South-East Asia, the
        Middle East and Latin America there were killings of policemen and local
        officials, hostage-takings, hijackings of aircraft and bombings of buildings.
        In many actions, civilians became targets. Governments had varying degrees of
        involvement in supporting terrorism, almost invariably at arm's length so as to
        be deniable. The causes espoused by terrorists encompassed not just
        revolutionary socialism and nationalism, but also religious doctrines rejecting
        the whole notion of a pluralist world of states. Law, even the modest body of
        rules setting some limits in armed conflict between states, could be ignored in
        a higher cause.

        This bewildering variety of forms of terrorist action posed a problem to those
        who sought to prohibit terrorism. In the 1960s and 1970s, the UN General
        Assembly made little progress in defining and outlawing terrorism generally.
        This was partly because of the sheer difficulty of agreeing exactly what is,
        and what is not, encompassed by this term. A further reason was that many
        states were reluctant to go far along the road of outlawing terrorism unless at
        the same time the 'causes of terrorism' were addressed; other states saw this
        approach as implying that terrorism was a response to real grievances, and
        thereby insinuating that it was justified. In this atmosphere it was impossible
        to make progress on a general definition.

        Thus the main emphasis at the UN was on practical measures not involving
        complex definitional issues. In a series of 12 international conventions drawn
        up between 1963 and 1999, particular terrorist actions, such as aircraft
        hijacking and diplomatic hostage-taking, were prohibited. Not one contained a
        general definition of terrorism.

        As the 1990s progressed, and concern about terrorism increased, the UN General
        Assembly embarked on discussions of what it optimistically entitled 'Measures
        to Eliminate International Terrorism'. Its Legal Committee issued reports, the
        latest dated November 2001, containing a draft convention. This attempts a
        general definition of terrorism (a notably capacious one) when it suggests that
        the General Assembly:

        reiterates that criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of
        terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for
        political purposes are in any circumstances unjustifiable, whatever the
        considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic,
        religious or other nature that may be used to justify them.
        A possible alternative direction for securing a general definition of terrorism
        would be to add it to the crimes subject to the International Criminal Court,
        which is likely to be established at The Hague in the next year or two. When
        the ICC Statute was drawn up at Rome in 1998, it was agreed that terrorism
        might at some future date be brought into the court's remit. However, US
        opposition to this court may mean that this approach has less priority than the
        idea of a free-standing treaty.

        While the UN's draft convention moves forward, it remains obvious that there is
        a difference between agreement on a general principle and its application to
        particular facts. There may be a form of action called terrorism, but the
        labelling of individuals and movements as 'terrorist' will remain complicated
        and highly political. Two key questions arise: (1) Is it reliance on terror
        that truly distinguishes a movement from its political opponents? (2) Even if
        parts of a movement have employed terrorist methods, is 'terrorist' an accurate
        description of the movement as a whole, made up of many different wings, and
        employing many different modes of action? These may be good questions, but
        there will not always be agreed answers.

        Terrorist or freedom fighter?
        The facile and oft-repeated statement 'One man's terrorist is another man's
        freedom fighter' reflects genuine doubts about the term. In the past there have
        been strong disagreements about whether the Irgun in Palestine, the Viet Cong
        in South Vietnam and the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland were or were not
        terrorist movements. Famously, in 1987-8 the UK and US governments labelled the
        African National Congress of South Africa 'terrorist': a preposterous
        attribution even at the time, let alone in light of Nelson Mandela's later
        emergence as statesman.

        The internationally agreed definition of terrorism which is currently emerging
        will be a useful basis for argument, not a definitive end to it. De Tocqueville
        was right about abstract ideas. Terrorism is sure to remain a box with a false
        bottom
      • Gość: Pablo Neruda Re: La Bandera IP: 168.103.126.* 11.11.02, 22:21
        so sie stanie z system ktory powoduje glod- Pablo Neruda

        La Bandera

        Levántate conmigo.

        Nadie quisiera
        como io quedarse
        sobre la almohada en que tus párpados
        quieren cerrar el mundo para mi.
        Allí también quisiera
        dejar dormir mi sangre
        rodeando tu dulzura.

        Pero levántate,
        tú, levántate,
        pero conmigo levántate
        y salgamos reunidos
        a luchar cuerpo a cuerpo
        contra las telaranas del malvado,
        contra el sistema que reparte el hambre,
        contra la organización de la miseria.

        Vamos,
        y tú, mi estrella, junto a mí,
        recién nacida de mi propia arcilla,
        ya habrás hallado el mannantial que ocultas
        y en midio, del fuego estarás
        junto a mí,
        con tus ojos braviós,
        alzando mi bandera.

    • Gość: diabeł klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 11.11.02, 22:18
      Journal of the Association of Future Philosophers


      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      How to Reduce the Danger of Terrorism
      by "Socrates" 4-10-1998

      Nagasaki and Hiroshima are the only cases where nuclear terrorists
      successfully achieved their goals by nuking babies. As the only examples of the
      use of nuclear bombs on innocent people, they are important for the study of
      the terrorism danger we face.
      In addition to the use of nuclear weapons, the dangers of large scale
      terrorism we face also include the use of biological, chemical and other
      weapons of genocide against babies and other innocent people.
      With the proliferation of nuclear weapons technology, the danger of another
      Truman nuking yet more cities, murdering yet more innocent babies, increases.
      The development of biological and chemical weapons by terrorists poses a
      serious threat against humanity.
      While some still deny that nuking babies in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is
      terrorism, terrorism is the use of force or the threat of force against
      innocent persons to affect government policy. Hence, nuking babies in Nagasaki
      and Hiroshima is obviously terrorism since innocent babies were attacked, and
      the bombers' objective was to change Japanese government policy.
      Nagasaki and Hiroshima illustrate how government makes us vulnerable
      especially to large-scale terrorism. While the partisans of government might
      claim government provides security, the available evidence shows that it makes
      us especially vulnerable to large scale terrorism, including biological,
      chemical and nuclear terrorism in a number of ways.
      1. Government creates terrorist weapons.
      Nuclear weapons are government's creation, with government funding
      scientists to create uranium and plutonium bombs, and of building increasingly
      smaller and more destructive "Fat Men and Little Boys."
      Since it uncorked its nuclear genie over Hiroshima, revealing the face of
      government, government spread its technology, spread nuclear materiel, and
      created incentives for spreading the threat that faces us.
      With the available empirical evidence provided by the ominous historical
      record, we can rationally expect that government will develop new terrorist
      weapons next century.
      2. Terrorism is part of government's modus operandi.
      Government has used its terrorist weapons, including the Iraqi government's
      use of chemical weapons against innocent people, while the U.S. government
      nuking babies being the most infamous.
      While many do not realize that the U.N. embargo of Iraq is an example of
      terrorism, it clearly fits the definition. It has murdered approximately one
      million innocent persons, including 700,000 children, and the U.N. officials
      imposed it in order to affect Iraqi government policy.
      Based on the number of people murdered, their crime against humanity is
      more deadly act of terrorism than Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined.
      While the partisans of government might fantasize about changing its
      nature, changing it into a humanitarian institution, we realize that the
      available empirical evidence indicates the seriousness of the terrorism danger
      we face.
      3. Being ruled by government makes us vulnerable to terrorism.
      In the case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, babies were targeted to affect the
      Japanese government. The government's existence was a necessary condition for
      the terrorist bombing.
      The morally repugnant attack against innocent babies was perpetrated to
      shock the Japanese rulers into surrender. The terrorists murdered innocent
      sheep to get at the wolves.
      Some partisans of government attempt to exonerate the U.S. government for
      its terrorist crimes, blaming the Japanese government for Pearl Harbor, but
      that can't create an ethical right to murder babies.
      But, their argument shows these innocent babies were targeted for murder
      because they were living under government. This explains their murder, but in
      no way whatsoever does it justify it, nor does it contradict the fact that the
      U.S. government is a terrorist organization.
      This explains why successful terrorist attacks are such heinous crimes. To
      affect governments, the terrorists create massive numbers of casualties, and
      the more impervious the government, the more horrendous the terrorist attack.
      Hence, when we contemplate the enormous number of innocent victims for
      terrorists to successfully affect U.S. government policy, we understand the
      danger we face.
      Since in the case of the U.S. government, conventional bombs are likely to
      be ineffective, but chemical, biological or nuclear bombs are likely to be
      effective, we are especially vulnerable from these weapons.
      The the partisans' fantasy that government protects society keeps us in danger
      of large-scale terrorism.
      The partisan of government might believe it protects us from such weapons
      by preventing terrorists from smuggling nuclear, chemical and biological
      weapons. However, the evidence of government losing its drug war should make
      rational people question these claims.
      Despite its Draconian laws, its huge drug-war budget, its imprisonment of
      many using its drug laws, drug businesspersons, financiers, entrepreneurs,
      shippers, advertisers, wholesalers, and retailers bring huge amounts of drugs --
      from Colombia, California, Afghanistan and all over the world to consumers
      such as Bill Clinton. This shows the notion government could prevent the
      shipping of chemical or biological canisters or nuclear bombs the size of
      suitcases into American cities is a dangerous fantasy of the partisans.
      Understanding the three-pronged problem of terrorism government poses to
      humanity suggests the solution necessary to reduce the danger to humanity.
      Are we going to join the partisan of government and passively wait for
      additional large scale terrorism to harm yet more babies, or, based on the
      ample available evidence, will we take pro-active steps to solve the problem of
      government?

      Copyright © 1998, The Association of Future Philosophers

    • Gość: diabeł klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 11.11.02, 22:20
      This is the Weed Talking
      www.calstatela.edu/orgs/afp/nahitcno.htm
      Nagasaki and Hiroshima Illuminate the Criminal Nature of Government
      By Weed Boctor, 8-3-1998

      Nuclear weapons are government's gift to humanity. Fifty-three years ago,
      the U.S. government nuked babies and other innocent persons.
      In Children of the Atomic Bomb: An American Physician's Memoir of
      Nagasaki, Hiroshima and the Marshall Islands, James N. Yamazaki, with Louis B.
      Fleming, describes the bombing's effects on pregnant women and children.
      He wrote, "Fusa was six months pregnant when the bomb detonated, and her
      home in Takao-machi collapsed. She was 1,600 yards from the hypocenter. She
      felt violent movement of the baby within her, then no movement. Nothing."
      He also wrote about the effects of the bombing on children.
      He wrote, "A nurse escorted a young mother and her five year old son. With
      one glance, I knew I was seeing for the first time the terrible effect that an
      atomic bomb can have on the unborn. I concealed my feelings and proceeded with
      a routine pediatric examination....I confirmed the reduced head size. His
      erratic and uncontrolled behavior was evidence that mental retardation was also
      present."
      Yamazaki also includes the story of Fujio Tsujimoto, five years old at the
      time of the bombing, he was at Yamazato Elementary School. When the alarm was
      sounded, he rushed into a shelter.
      According to Fujio's account, "My brother and sisters were late in coming
      into the shelter; so they were burnt and crying." He goes on to say that his
      mother and sister died the following day, and then his brother died.
      The Rogue Theory of Terrorism
      Ever since government created these weapons, innocent people have lived in
      danger of another terrorist attack. Some claim the nuclear danger we face comes
      from rogue governments only. We can call this theory, "The Rogue Theory of
      Terrorism."
      We can test this theory against the empirical evidence. The only available
      empirical evidence of terrorists nuking cities are the bombings of Nagasaki and
      Hiroshima. The U.S. government has claimed responsibility for the bombings.
      The Rogue Theory of Terrorism flies in the face of the facts of reality.
      To make the facts fit the theory, the Rogue Theorist would have to argue the
      U.S. government is a rogue government.
      Nagasaki and Hiroshima in perspective
      While these nuclear bombings are a serious hate crime, they pale in
      comparison with the Holocaust where the German government murdered over six
      million Jews.
      The bombings murdered less people that the U.N. government's embargo of
      Iraq which has murdered over a million people, including over 700,000 children,
      if the critics who oppose this holocaust are to be believed.
      However, the bombings murdered more people than the crimes of Charles
      Manson, Jeffrey Dahmer or O.J. Simpson. These put in perspective the crime of
      government and its consequent harm to society.
      Can government be reconciled with justice?
      We can understand the nature of government by examining the empirical
      evidence. It shows government has murdered over 200 million people this
      century. The partisans of government have a long record of creating sophistic
      arguments in their morally repugnant attempt to justify their criminal
      institution.
      While acknowledging the crimes of government, some claim that government
      does good things. It put Yuri Gagarin into space, put Neil Armstrong on the
      moon and gave us the Volkswagen.
      But, how can that ever justify the murder of innocent people such as
      Fusa's baby?
      "I'm sorry my country bombed your country."
      • Gość: ninja Re: klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: *.proxy.aol.com 11.11.02, 22:24
        Gość portalu: diabeł napisał(a):

        ) This is the Weed Talking
        ) (a
        href="http://www.calstatela.edu/orgs/afp/nahitcno.htm"target="_blank")www.ca
        ) lstatela.edu/orgs/afp/nahitcno.htm(/a)
        ) Nagasaki and Hiroshima Illuminate the Criminal Nature of Government
        ) By Weed Boctor, 8-3-1998
        )
        ) Nuclear weapons are government's gift to humanity. Fifty-three years
        ago,
        ) the U.S. government nuked babies and other innocent persons.
        ) In Children of the Atomic Bomb: An American Physician's Memoir of
        ) Nagasaki, Hiroshima and the Marshall Islands, James N. Yamazaki, with Louis
        B.
        ) Fleming, describes the bombing's effects on pregnant women and children.
        ) He wrote, "Fusa was six months pregnant when the bomb detonated, and her
        ) home in Takao-machi collapsed. She was 1,600 yards from the hypocenter. She
        ) felt violent movement of the baby within her, then no movement. Nothing."
        ) He also wrote about the effects of the bombing on children.
        ) He wrote, "A nurse escorted a young mother and her five year old son.
        With
        )
        ) one glance, I knew I was seeing for the first time the terrible effect that
        an
        ) atomic bomb can have on the unborn. I concealed my feelings and proceeded
        with
        ) a routine pediatric examination....I confirmed the reduced head size. His
        ) erratic and uncontrolled behavior was evidence that mental retardation was
        also
        )
        ) present."
        ) Yamazaki also includes the story of Fujio Tsujimoto, five years old at
        the
        )
        ) time of the bombing, he was at Yamazato Elementary School. When the alarm was
        ) sounded, he rushed into a shelter.
        ) According to Fujio's account, "My brother and sisters were late in
        coming
        ) into the shelter; so they were burnt and crying." He goes on to say that his
        ) mother and sister died the following day, and then his brother died.
        ) The Rogue Theory of Terrorism
        ) Ever since government created these weapons, innocent people have lived
        in
        )
        ) danger of another terrorist attack. Some claim the nuclear danger we face
        comes
        )
        ) from rogue governments only. We can call this theory, "The Rogue Theory of
        ) Terrorism."
        ) We can test this theory against the empirical evidence. The only
        available
        )
        ) empirical evidence of terrorists nuking cities are the bombings of Nagasaki
        and
        )
        ) Hiroshima. The U.S. government has claimed responsibility for the bombings.
        ) The Rogue Theory of Terrorism flies in the face of the facts of reality.
        ) To make the facts fit the theory, the Rogue Theorist would have to argue the
        ) U.S. government is a rogue government.
        ) Nagasaki and Hiroshima in perspective
        ) While these nuclear bombings are a serious hate crime, they pale in
        ) comparison with the Holocaust where the German government murdered over six
        ) million Jews.
        ) The bombings murdered less people that the U.N. government's embargo of
        ) Iraq which has murdered over a million people, including over 700,000
        children,
        )
        ) if the critics who oppose this holocaust are to be believed.
        ) However, the bombings murdered more people than the crimes of Charles
        ) Manson, Jeffrey Dahmer or O.J. Simpson. These put in perspective the crime of
        ) government and its consequent harm to society.
        ) Can government be reconciled with justice?
        ) We can understand the nature of government by examining the empirical
        ) evidence. It shows government has murdered over 200 million people this
        ) century. The partisans of government have a long record of creating sophistic
        ) arguments in their morally repugnant attempt to justify their criminal
        ) institution.
        ) While acknowledging the crimes of government, some claim that government
        ) does good things. It put Yuri Gagarin into space, put Neil Armstrong on the
        ) moon and gave us the Volkswagen.
        ) But, how can that ever justify the murder of innocent people such as
        ) Fusa's baby?
        ) "I'm sorry my country bombed your country."
        • Gość: ninja Re: klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: *.proxy.aol.com 11.11.02, 22:25
          八戸駅の受付には体験試乗を待ちわびる市民らが早朝から長蛇の列。開業記念の文鎮などを受け取った後、新
          幹線ホームへ。コンコースの展望待合室は次の列車を待つ乗客で混雑し、眼下に「はやて」が滑り込むと、拍
          手がわき起こった。
           盛岡―八戸間は73%がトンネルのため、車内ではパンフレットに目を落とす乗客が多かったが、それでも
          明かり部分に出ると、車窓の風景をバックに記念写真を撮る親子連れの姿も。四十分の旅を思い思いに楽しん
          だ。
           八戸市の無職馬場正吉さん(62)は「スピードの割に揺れが少なく静か。これなら東京まで快適に過ごせ
          ますね」。一緒に乗った孫の公基くん(8つ)は目を丸くして「速かった」とひと言。盛岡市の会社員山崎茂
          さん(35)は「八戸には車で来ていましたが、新幹線の方が楽」と笑顔を見せた。
           首都圏からも大勢が参加。東京の主婦宍戸輝子さん(58)は初めて見る八戸駅に「開放的でヨーロッパの
          駅みたい」とびっくり。団体職員秋本秀治さん(44)は「今度は十和田湖や奥入瀬渓流まで行きたい」と話
          していた。
           この日だけで約七千五百人の試乗客を迎え入れた八戸駅は早朝から夕方まで混雑。JRでは約五十人の特別
          態勢で受け付けや案内誘導などに対応、臨時の特急「はつかり」を六往復運行した。
           駅構内の飲食店やユートリーは昼食やお土産を買う人びとで大にぎわい。観光案内所の市川美奈子さん(4
          1)は「朝からひっきりなしです。こんな経験は初めて」。駅東口に待機中のタクシー運転手(52)は「昼
          までに百台近く出たんじゃないか。八食センターまでが一番多い。私も五回乗せましたよ」とホクホク顔。
           荻野洋JR盛岡支社長は「まさに大好評。開業日以降もこれだけにぎわう駅になってくれれば」と期待をか
          けていた。
          【写真説明】
          八戸発の“一番列車”で快適な「はやて」の旅を楽しむ試乗客=9日午前8時30分すぎ、二戸駅付近
          • Gość: - Re: para voce - niernational IP: 168.103.126.* 12.11.02, 02:35
            você é muito esperto, mim admira,tchau
    • Gość: diabeł Re: klasyka terroryzmu i ludobójstwa IP: *.krakow.cvx.ppp.tpnet.pl 23.11.02, 15:18
      Gość portalu: diabeł napisał:

      )
      ) "The use of the atomic bomb, with its indiscriminate killing of women and
      ) children, revolts my soul."
      ) — President Herbert Hoover
      )
      ) The UNNECESSARY Bombing
      ) of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
      )
      ) From A People's History of the United States
      ) by Howard Zinn,
      ) and the Political Literacy Course of the Common Courage Press:
      ) The bombing of Japanese cities continued the strategy of saturation bombing
      ) to destroy civilian morale; one nighttime fire-bombing of Tokyo took 80,000
      ) lives. (Zinn points out in the book that "nighttime bombing" was by its very
      ) nature indiscriminate, not aimed primarily at military targets.)
      )
      ) And then, on August 6, 1945, came the lone American plane in the sky over
      ) Hiroshima, dropping the first atomic bomb, leaving perhaps 100,000 Japanese
      ) dead, and tens of thousands more slowly dying from radiation poisoning.
      )
      ) Twelve U.S. navy fliers in the Hiroshima city jail were killed in the
      ) bombing, a fact that the U.S. government has never officially acknowledged,
      ) according to historian Martin Sherwin ("A World Destroyed").
      )
      ) Three days later, a second atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki,
      ) with perhaps 50,000 killed.
      )
      ) The justification for these atrocities was that this would end the war
      ) quickly, making unnecessary an invasion of Japan. Such an invasion would cost
      ) a huge number of lives, the government said — a million, according to
      ) Secretary of State Byrnes; half a million, Truman claimed was the figure
      ) given by General George Marshall. (When the papers of the Manhattan Project 
      ) 212;
      ) the project to build the atom bomb — were released years later, they show
      ) ed
      ) that Marshall urged a warning to the Japanese about the bomb, so people could
      ) be removed and only military targets hit.)
      )
      ) These estimates of invasion losses were not realistic, and seem to have been
      ) pulled out of the air to justify bombings which, as their effects became
      ) known, horrified more and more people.
      )
      ) Japan, by August 1945, was in desperate shape and ready to surrender. A New
      ) York Times military analyst wrote, shortly after the war:
      )
      ) "The enemy, in a military sense, was in a hopeless strategic position by the
      ) time the Potsdam demand for unconditional surrender was made on July 26."
      )
      ) Such then, was the situation when we wiped out Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
      )
      ) The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, set up by the War Department in
      ) 1944 to study the results of aerial attacks in the war, interviewed hundreds
      ) of Japanese civilian and military leaders after Japan surrendered, and
      ) reported just after the war:
      )
      ) "Based on a detailed investigation of all the facts and supported by the
      ) testimony of the surviving Japanese leaders involved, it is the Survey's
      ) opinion that certainly prior to December 31 1945, and in all probability
      ) prior to 1 November 1945, Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic
      ) bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even
      ) if no invasion had been planned or contemplated."
      )
      ) But could American leaders have known this in August 1945?
      )
      ) The answer is, clearly, yes. The Japanese code had been broken, and Japan's
      ) messages were being intercepted.
      )
      ) It was known the Japanese had instructed their ambassador in Moscow to work
      ) on peace negotiations with the Allies. Japanese leaders had begun talking of
      ) surrender a year before this, and the Emperor himself had begun to suggest,
      ) in June 1945, that alternatives to fighting to the end be considered.
      )
      ) On July 13, Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo wired his ambassador in
      ) Moscow: "Unconditional surrender is the only obstacle to peace." Martin
      ) Sherwin, after an exhaustive study of the relevant historical documents,
      ) concludes: "Having broken the Japanese code before the war, American
      ) Intelligence was able to — and did — relay this message to the Pres
      ) ident, but
      ) it had no effect whatever on efforts to bring the war to conclusion."
      )
      ) If only Americans had not insisted on unconditional surrender — that is,
      ) if
      ) they were willing to accept one condition to the surrender, that the Emperor,
      ) a holy figure to the Japanese, remain in place — the Japanese would have
      ) agreed to stop the war.
      )
      ) Why did the United States not take that small step to save both American and
      ) Japanese lives? Was it because too much money and effort had been invested in
      ) the atomic bomb not to drop it? General Leslie Groves, head of the Manhattan
      ) Project, described Truman as a man on a toboggan, the momentum too great to
      ) stop it.
      )
      ) Or was it, as British scientist P.M.S. Blackett suggested ("Fear, War, and
      ) the Bomb"), that the United States was anxious to drop the bomb before the
      ) Russians entered the war against Japan?
      )
      ) The Russians had secretly agreed (they were officially not at war with Japan)
      ) they would come into the war ninety days after the end of the European war.
      ) That turned out to be May 8, and so, on August 8, the Russians were due to
      ) declare war on Japan.
      )
      ) But by then the big bomb had been dropped, and the next day a second one
      ) would be dropped on Nagasaki; the Japanese would surrender to the United
      ) States, not the Russians, and the United States would be the occupier of
      ) postwar Japan.
      )
      ) In other words, Blackett says, the dropping of the bomb was "the first major
      ) operation of the cold diplomatic war with Russia."
      )
      ) Blackett is supported by American historian Gar Alperovitz ("Atomic
      ) Diplomacy"), who notes a diary entry for July 28, 1945, by Secretary of the
      ) Navy James Forrestal, describing Secretary of State James F. Byrnes as
      )
      ) "most anxious to get the Japanese affair over with before the Russians got
      ) in."
      )
      ) Truman had said, "The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped
      ) on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first
      ) attack to avoid, insofar was possible, the killing of civilians."
      )
      ) It was a preposterous statement. Those 100,000 killed in Hiroshima were
      ) almost all civilians. The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey said in its official
      ) report:
      )
      ) "Hiroshima and Nagasaki were chosen as targets because of their concentration
      ) of activities and population."
      ) The dropping of the second bomb on Nagasaki seems to have been scheduled in
      ) advance, and no one has ever been able to explain why it was dropped. Was it
      ) because this was a plutonium bomb whereas the Hiroshima bomb was a uranium
      ) bomb? Were the dead and irradiated of Nagasaki victims of a scientific
      ) experiment?
      )
      ) Martin Sherwin says that among the Nagasaki dead were probably American
      ) prisoners of war. He notes a message of July 31 from Headquarters, U.S.
      ) Strategic Air Forces, Guam, to the War Department:
      )
      ) "Reports prisoner of war sources, not verified by photos, given location of
      ) Allied prisoner of war camp one mile north of center of city of Nagasaki.
      ) Does this influence the choice of this target for initial Centerboard
      ) operation? Request immediate reply."
      ) The reply: "Targets previously assigned for Centerboard remain unchanged."
      )
      ) True, the war ended quickly. Italy had been defeated a year earlier. Germany
      ) had recently surrendered, crushed primarily by the armies of the Soviet Union
      ) on the Eastern Front, aided by the Allied armies on the West. Now Japan
      ) surrendered. The Fascist powers were destroyed.
      )
      ) But what about fascism — as idea, as reality? Were its essential elements
      ) —
      ) militarism, racism, imperialism — now gone? Or were they absorbed into th
      ) e
      ) already poisoned bones of the victors.
      )
      ) "The world has achieve
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