Dywizja brazylijska we włoszech

18.06.03, 12:35
Czytałem niedawno zmianke że w 45 we włoszech walczyła dywizja brazylijska
Może wiecie coś więcej?
    • joseph.007 Coś... 18.06.03, 15:30
      Był kiedyś na ten temat materiał w "Militariach i Faktach"; jak znajdę w
      wiosennym rozgardiaszu to odpiszę ;-)
      Pzdr
    • Gość: spoko Re: Forca Expeditionaria Brasileira IP: *.adsl.hansenet.de 18.06.03, 22:27
      sufit2 napisał:

      > Czytałem niedawno zmianke że w 45 we włoszech walczyła dywizja brazylijska
      > Może wiecie coś więcej?


      Brazylia po utworzeniu frontu w Afryce Polnocnej zamierzala wyslac symbolicznie
      batalion piechoty, pozniej koncepcje ta zerzucono na rzecz wyslania armii
      ekspedycyjnej w skladzie czterech dywizji piechoty. Ostatecznie do Europy
      wyslano tylko dywizje piechoty i mieszany dywizjon mysliwsko-bombowy.
      We wrzesniu 1944 roku po przerzuceniu do Wloch dywizja weszla w sklad 5 Armii
      USA a dywizjon lotniczy w sklad 15 Armii Powietrznej USA.

      Wojska ekspedycyjne zamierzal zorganizowac takze Meksyk ... skonczylo sie
      jednak tylko na dywizjonie bombowym (Fuerza Expeditionaria Mexicana) ktory
      wzial udzial w dzialaniach wojennych na Pacyfiku. Oprocz tego znaczna liczba
      Meksykanow mogla sluzyc ochotniczo w armiach amerykanskiej i brytyjskiej.


      pozdr.

      spoko
      • gre1 Re: Forca Expeditionaria Brasileira 18.06.03, 23:07
        Koepus brazyliski wynosil 25 tys. zolnierzy , 500 poleglo, cmentarz wojskowy
        znajduje sie we wloszech w miescie Pistoia.
    • Gość: liso Re: Dywizja brazylijska we włoszech IP: *.westlb.co.uk 20.06.03, 12:28
      An international coalition to fight evildoers that threaten humanity? Would
      Brazil ever actively participate, actually send troops in such an endeavor?
      This is exactly what happened in 1943.

      A student of mine, Ivo, is a historian. He's also a non-conformist, iconoclast,
      who seldom combs his hair. He is fond of wearing an old army field jacket that
      was actually his when he served in the Brazilian Army, almost 20 years ago.
      Nowadays, Ivo makes forays into the jungle to spend weeks at a time researching
      the native peoples of the Amazon.

      We share an interest in history in general, and military history in specific.
      As an American male "baby-boomer" I can recite the names of all of the leaders
      of World War II, talk about the virtues of the P-51 Mustang fighter-bomber and
      discuss the battles of Iwo Jima, Anzio, and the Ardennes. It was the glory and
      the heroic, mythology brought home to us by our fathers that created legends
      and icons for our generation, which were only slightly dulled by the Viet Nam
      debacle.

      In the last 38 years, I must have read hundreds of books regarding military
      subjects. I've visited war museums, played computer simulations of historical
      battles, and had my eyes filled with tears watching Saving Private Ryan. I even
      served in the army as a medic, although I only participated in the battles of
      Ft. Sam Houston, a medic training post in San Antonio, Texas.

      Imagine my chagrin when Ivo brought up the subject of Brazil's second-world war
      combat in Europe.

      Who? What? When? Where?

      It briefly crossed my mind to ask "On which side?" but then again, the people
      of Brazil are hardly of a pure, Aryan-stock.

      I was incredulous.

      A few days later, Ivo put in my hands a battered, paperback copy of As Duas
      Faces da Gloria (The Two Faces of Glory) by Brazilian writer-historian, William
      Waack. It was accompanied by the warning, "Don't discuss this book with
      veterans or their families."

      It is a fascinating work, and like all military history, it's about much more
      than the military.

      In 1943, according to the comprehensive research done by Waack, President
      Franklin Roosevelt was already considering the New World Order that would
      emerge after the war was over. Brazil had suffered the sinking of some of its
      ships by German submarines, and was ready to enter the war against the Axis.
      Roosevelt proposed the formation of three modern and well-equipped, Brazilian
      infantry divisions. The prevailing Allied thinking was that this would enhance
      the image of a truly international coalition, even if the Brazilian forces were
      to be largely symbolic. Does this sound familiar?

      General George Marshall thought the Brazilians could best be used to relieve
      and "free-up" higher quality troops that were occupying relatively tranquil
      sectors.

      Brazil, notably not famous up until this date for having a stable democracy,
      had ulterior motives for participation. The Brazilian government was shrewd in
      the formation of its forces, with the common troops being recruited from the
      poorer, ethnically darker regions of the northeast, as compared to the more
      affluent, euro-centric south. Internal stability was more than a minor
      consideration at the time. Giving large formations of men guns had to be
      carefully thought-out.

      For the officers, as for military officers throughout history, it was a chance
      to achieve personal glory and career advancement. The Brazilian military at the
      time reflected the state of the society. The officer-caste had a culture that
      was infused by political and family considerations, and that distanced itself
      from having any genuine concern about the welfare of their common soldiers that
      universally came from the poor classes.

      In their military traditions, the Brazilians were fond of recalling the defeat
      of Paraguay that occurred shortly before the American Civil War, and the
      subsequent genocide that resulted. Paraguay with a fraction of the land area
      and population of Brazil finished the war with units of women and children
      utilizing spears and other hand weapons against the 19th century rifles and
      cannons of Brazil. Since that time, the Brazilian military had been a force
      concerned only with maintaining Brazil's borders and keeping (or removing) the
      leadership in power. It had neither the experience nor technology for fielding
      an overseas, modern, combat force.

      In 1944 the U.S. was an advanced, industrial power then at the height of its
      efficiency and productivity. Its relationship with Brazil reflected this
      disparity and other significant differences in mentality that still resonate
      today.

      The sixty-year old correspondence and top-secret reports that are included in
      Waack's book, were circulated among the Allied commanders, and they reveal an
      interesting portrait of the Brazil that was emerging into modern society.

      American officers—used to military discipline and regimen—were confounded by
      the fact that Brazilian officers seldom arrived at their duty stations before
      lunch. They encountered "amanhã-syndrome" when their Brazilian counterparts
      would routinely promise results for the following day, but instead offered
      polite excuses at the appointed hour. Many officers had never even inspected
      units that were under their command. The shining exception, to this overall
      disappointing image, were the Brazilian fighter pilots, whom were held in high
      esteem by the other allied forces. They were regarded as exceptional
      professionals, with great skill and courage.

      Relegated to Italy

      The 25,000 men of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, or the FEB (Força
      Expedicionária Brasileira) as it came to be known, were relegated to the
      campaign in Italy, which in 1944 was a distant-second priority in the war
      against Hitler.

      The famed 101st, and 82nd Airborne Divisions were being dropped behind the
      lines in Normandy, and the "Big Red One" 1st infantry Division was proving
      itself at Omaha Beach. Down the ramps of incredible ships rolled all the
      industrial might of the United States of America.

      In Italy, a polyglot of New Zealander, Black-American, Japanese-American,
      Brazilian, Indian, South African and Australian troops were, among others,
      mired in a campaign to keep the Germans busy so they couldn't be used against
      the Normandy invasion. Artillery shells were rationed and fuel severely
      restricted.

      Since landing in Italy, the situation had been far from pretty, and allied
      troops had suffered high-casualties, while making few gains. When the Americans
      mixed with the Brazilians who had come to relieve them, they knew exactly how
      second-priority the Italian battlefront was. Some of the Brazilians had been
      recruited one week before boarding the ship to Italy.

      Almost none of them had any kind of tactical combat training, and very little
      target practice. Actually, training of any kind was not widespread among the
      common soldiers. Drivers had no idea how to function in convoys, or in many
      cases how to do simple maintenance—like water for radiators or oil for engines.
      Almost none of the infantrymen could use a compass. A soldier knows that in the
      dark, a single lit match can attract enemy fire from more than a mile away.

      The Brazilian troops were fond of lighting bon fires and singing songs around
      them. Perhaps the one thing that did more to effect the opinion of other allied
      soldiers was the standard of hygiene employed by the Brazilian forces. Modern
      armies had learned over the years that large concentrations of troops often
      lost more men to disease, than to enemy action. It was observed that the
      Brazilians constructed very few latrines, and seldom used them. There was a
      concern about an epidemic occurring when the snow melted.

      For their part, the Brazilians found the Americans rude, arrogant, and
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