12 kwietnia - DZIEŃ KOSMONAUTYKI

[zbig44]

12 kwietnia 1961 roku pierwszy czlowiek spojrzal na naszą planetę z zewnątrz!
Czy ktos na tym forum pamięta jeszcze jego imię i nazwisko?

42 rocznica tego wydarzenia upływa pod znakiem tragedii Columbii

Wspomnijmy tych, którzy zginęli

Virgil "Gus" Ivan Grissom
Edward Higgins White
Roger Bruce Chaffee
(27.01.1967,Apollo 1)

Vladimir Michajlovicz Komarov
(24.04.1967,Sojuz 1)

Georgij Timofiejevicz Dobrovolski
Vladislav Nikolajevicz Volkov
Viktor Ivanovicz Pacajev
(30.06.1971, Sojuz 11)

Francis R. (Dick) Scobee
Michael J. Smith
Judith A. Resnik
Ronald E. McNair
Ellison S. Onizuka
Gregory B. Jarvis
Sharon Christa McAuliffe
(28.01.1986,Challenger,STS-51-L),

Rick D. Husband
William C. McCool
Kalpana Chawla
David M. Brown
Laurel B. Clark
Michael P. Anderson
Ilan Ramon
(01.02.2003, Columbia, STS-107).

21 osób (co 2 lata 1 kosmonauta/astronauta)

Czy warto? Tylko po to, żeby sobie polatać wokół Ziemi ?

W tym roku USA wyasygnowały 80 miliardów dolarów
dla zabicia lekko licząc 1000 razy większej liczby osób.

W latach 70-ch oceniono koszt załogowego programu lotów na Marsa

(analogicznego do programu Apollo, w wyniku którego pierwszy człowiek postawił
w lipcu 1969 roku stope na Księzycu:
Czy ktos na tym forum pamięta jeszcze jego imię i nazwisko?)

na 90 miliardów dolarów. Oznacza to, że w niecały miesiąc USA pusciły z dymem
budżet wieloletniego programu badań kosmicznych, który pozwoliłby im
posłać pierwszą kobietę na tę planetę.

sputnik lajka gagarin chruszczow gomulka tito

[Gość: nlp]

Sleep is an active process, not just the absence of wakefulness. Many of the
brainwave states associated with different levels of sleep are also seen in
certain states of waking consciousness as well. Awakened levels of
consciousness are to waking consciousness as waking consciousness is to sleep.

BETA

Normally, with waking consciousness, the eyes are open and the brain is
attending to external information processing, dealing with ordinary world
events, talking, thinking, figuring, walking, driving, and generally doing
things. EEG patterns of the brain's electrical activity at these times show
rapid, rhythmic discharges of electrical activity from the neurons of the
brain.

These discharges are not random, but exhibit regularity and rhythmicity. In
the case of the normal, externally directed attention described above, the
pulses of the rhythm of these electrical discharges from the brain are rapid
and of a low amplitude of electrical charge. In other words, the electrical
pattern that emerges during this type of externally directed attention is
rapid with a low power level.

The speed of these discharges tend to always fall within a certain pulse rate
speed: 30 electrical discharges per second down to around 13 discharges per
second - or cycles per second (cps), or more commonly referred to as Hertz
(Hz) after the scientist who did the originally defining work on discovering
these interesting little facts about the pulsing discharges of brain cells
during different states of consciousness. He did this with a special, new
measuring device called an "ElectroEncephaloGraph" or "EEG". Electro:
electrical activity, Encephalo: pertaining to the brain, Graph: graphing the
information as pen-tracings on graph paper.

So, this first level of human consciousness we might term "waking"
consciousness, has brain cell electrical discharges that pulse in rhythmic,
sweeping waves of activity across the brain's surface between 13 and 30 Hz (or
times per second). It's a brain dance of electricity that sweeps across the
brain in rhythmic waves. We call these rhythmic electrical waves of the
brain: "brainwaves".

Scientists, who have explored this interesting dance of the electrical waves
that sweep across the brain, have noticed that different states of
consciousness always have a corresponding, associated dance of electrical
waves sweeping across the brain. They eventually cataloged these pulses of
electrical activity into four general categories: Beta, Alpha, Theta and
Delta.

Scientists love to name things with Greek letters and the like - it sounds
more, well, scientific. It just wouldn't sound right if you named them
logically in English - like A, B, C and D. They couldn't even get that
straight in Greek - B, A, T and D for Beta, Alpha, Theta and Delta. As we will
see later, other researchers have seen other types of brainwave activity (I'm
one of those researchers!) which shows activity slower than the slowest
brainwaves recognized (that was my work) and faster than the fastest
brainwaves recognized and named them also after Greek letters (I'm afraid I'm
guilty here as well).

So, this more rapid 13-30 Hz pulsing of the brainwaves associated with
externally directed, linear thinking of the ordinary "waking state" falls into
the "Beta" category of brainwaves associated with 13-30 Hz.

ALPHA

When a person turns their attention inward, or closes their eyes, the
electrical activity of the brain immediately changes. The electrical
discharges immediately slow down and become larger in amplitude, or have more
power. Consciousness has become slower, more stilled, and more reflective. The
rhythmic discharges of the brain cells slow down and become larger in
amplitude - have more power.

The pulsing of the brainwaves at this time falls between 13 and 7 Hz and are
named "Alpha" brainwaves. This "Alpha" state of consciousness could be looked
upon as inner-directed, non-linear thinking. It is still a mental state, an
activity of the mental body, but inner directed - more of a "pondering"
function. The Beta state could be seen as looking at the trees and the Alpha
state as looking at the forest.

This is the kind of electrical activity that shows up when you go to bed and
first close your eyes and begin to slowly drift down into yourself and
eventually into sleep. Sleep researchers have seen that volunteers awakened
from Alpha sleep have uniformly reported that they were not asleep at all, but
not awake either. They were in a "twilight" state of consciousness in which
their mind was open and focused on a larger picture of things - the "forest"
instead of the "trees", so to speak.

It's interesting to notice that Zazen and Zen meditation practices show a
strong Alpha pattern of brainwaves appearing. In this case, whether with eyes
open or closed, the mind has been brought into a state of not seeing what the
eyes are looking at - the focus is on everything simultaneously. If you keep
your eyes open and go into a stare at a single spot, the eyes accommodate to
the stared-at object and soon cease to see it - the mind and attention are
elsewhere - internalized.

At this moment, even though the eyes are open, the brainwave pattern shifts
from Beta to Alpha even though the eyes are still open. Once the mind is no
longer attending to the images entering the eyes from the external world, the
brain behaves exactly as if the eyes were closed and the Beta brainwave
function collapses and the Alpha function expands. This is what happens in
an "eyes open" meditation.

There is an important, fleeting moment which usually gets passed over quickly
without notice when the brainwaves go from the slowest speed of Beta and cross
over into Alpha: the Beta/Alpha Bridge.

THE BETA / ALPHA BRIDGE

This is not a state mentioned in the ordinary EEG literature, because it's
something I have noticed and begun working with and eventually named.

Technically, this is the first stage of sleep, when the eyes close and the
Beta function collapses and the Alpha function expands. When external, linear,
mental activity gives way to internal non-linear mental activity. Brainwaves
slow down, heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and the body's general
metabolism also slow down as well.

As these processes slow down more and more, the Alpha brain frequencies show
slower brain electrical discharges at a higher amplitude.

In a non-sleep state, this Beta/Alpha bridge state is the mental place the
brain goes to when it becomes hyper-efficient in dealing with the task at
hand, because it can focus on the details as well as the overall scope of the
problem or task at the same time.

In Beta/Alpha Bridge meditation states, the mind is perfectly poised between
the inner and outer worlds.

THETA

At the point when the brainwaves have slowed to the bottom of the Alpha range
of frequency discharge of brain cells, at around 7 - 8 Hz, the brain goes into
a completely new and different state: Theta.

The Theta brainwave state is between 7 - 3.5 Hz and is the place where
dreaming takes place. When the brainwaves cross over from lowest Alpha into
upper Theta, this is the moment when sleep has really begun. There are a
number of unique things that take place at this moment both in the brain,
central nervous system and body.

A portion of Theta sleep is the time in which dreaming sleep takes place.
During this time a crucial part of the brainstem, called the Reticular
Activating System (RAS) goes into a special function in which it literally
closes off the muscular control signals from the brain to the body. The body
becomes essentially paralyzed. Some stray electrical discharges do trickle
past which accounts for minor twitching of the fingers and toes. It is also
during the

Pan Twardowski na kogucie pierwszy na Księżycu! n/

[ankakoch]

To wszystko, co Polacy maja do powiedzenia ?

[bonobo44]

przy tej okazji ?

co za zascianek

Czy człowiek ma odpowiadać na małpi bełkot?

[zwyczajny]

i dlaczego Zbig44 kłamie?

Polacy to mądry naród. I coraz bardziej mądrzeje. Ostatnio tylko 150 wydurniało
się na demonstracji antyamerykańskiej. Niedługo tylko Arabowie będą na takie
draki przychodzić. Można byc dumny będąc Polakiem.

[bonobo44]

zwyczajny napisał:

> i dlaczego Zbig44 kłamie?

Nie znam sie na tym, ale jesli klamstwo zarzuca 'zwyczajny', to mozna
spokojnie polegac na tym, co pisze Zbig44.

Inteligencji i znajomosci rzeczy wszelakich 'zwyczajny' dowiodl juz
niejednokrotnie. Najlepszy casus to jego wypowiedzi n/t wojny w Iraku:

forum.gazeta.pl/forum/72,2.html?f=13&w=5541874



Korzystam z okazji, zeby zwrocic sie ze swym tradycyjnym apelem o ratowanie
bonobo:
www.bonobo.org/

Małpka jak zwykle nic nie rozumie,

[zwyczajny]

a może udaje głupią?
Chyba nawet dodawać nie potrafi - bo nie widzi kłamstwa u Zbig44.

Ale mimo wszystko popieram apel o ratowanie szympansów, ale oczywiście
niech małpy mają swoje forum i niech wpychają się między ludzi.

Zwyczajny, zwyczajnie nie umie nawet dodawac 8)

[bonobo44]

[Gość: balon von PRL]

zbig44 napisał:

> 12 kwietnia 1961 roku pierwszy czlowiek spojrzal na naszą planetę z zewnątrz!
> Czy ktos na tym forum pamięta jeszcze jego imię i nazwisko?
>
> 42 rocznica tego wydarzenia upływa pod znakiem tragedii Columbii
>
> Wspomnijmy tych, którzy zginęli
>
> Virgil "Gus" Ivan Grissom
> Edward Higgins White
> Roger Bruce Chaffee
> (27.01.1967,Apollo 1)
>
> Vladimir Michajlovicz Komarov
> (24.04.1967,Sojuz 1)
>
> Georgij Timofiejevicz Dobrovolski
> Vladislav Nikolajevicz Volkov
> Viktor Ivanovicz Pacajev
> (30.06.1971, Sojuz 11)
>
> Francis R. (Dick) Scobee
> Michael J. Smith
> Judith A. Resnik
> Ronald E. McNair
> Ellison S. Onizuka
> Gregory B. Jarvis
> Sharon Christa McAuliffe
> (28.01.1986,Challenger,STS-51-L),
>
> Rick D. Husband
> William C. McCool
> Kalpana Chawla
> David M. Brown
> Laurel B. Clark
> Michael P. Anderson
> Ilan Ramon
> (01.02.2003, Columbia, STS-107).
>
> 21 osób (co 2 lata 1 kosmonauta/astronauta)
>
> Czy warto? Tylko po to, żeby sobie polatać wokół Ziemi ?
>
> W tym roku USA wyasygnowały 80 miliardów dolarów
> dla zabicia lekko licząc 1000 razy większej liczby osób.
>
> W latach 70-ch oceniono koszt załogowego programu lotów na Marsa
>
> (analogicznego do programu Apollo, w wyniku którego pierwszy człowiek postawił
> w lipcu 1969 roku stope na Księzycu:
> Czy ktos na tym forum pamięta jeszcze jego imię i nazwisko?)
>
> na 90 miliardów dolarów. Oznacza to, że w niecały miesiąc USA pusciły z dymem
> budżet wieloletniego programu badań kosmicznych, który pozwoliłby im
> posłać pierwszą kobietę na tę planetę.

Wszystko to co Pan napisal jest godne najwyzszej uwagi, ale niestety gubimy sie
w tych, ktorzy przezyli, sa zyjacy etc.

Fajnie byloby uporzadkowac to wszystko, nie zapominajac o niejakim Gagarinie,
ktory byl tam"na gorze" i ogladal to, co nam tez by sie chcialo.
Nie zapominajmy o ludziach, ktorzy "tam" byli. Niewykluczone, ze sowieccy
kosmonauci przezywali o wiele wiekszy stress(czytaj:gaciowa czy to wyjdzie),
niz Amerykanie. Wszystkim im naleza sie pomniki, a przynajmniej sliczne
grobowce. (O rany, jaki jestem doslowny...!)