w 392 rocznice
wyzwolenie Moskwy od polskiej armii 1612....
zamiast
7 listopada - Rocznica Rewolucji Pazdziernikowej 1917 roku
(День революции, бывшая годовщина Великой Октябрьской Социалистической
Революции
www.rosjanin.pl/rosja/swieta.html
Moscow coat of arms
(St. George slaying the dragon)The first reference to the town of Moscow is
from 1147 when it was an obscure town in a small province, with a mostly
Finno-Ugric population, the Merya. In 1156, Prince Yury Dolgoruky built a
wooden wall and a moat around the city. They were not terribly successful,
however, as in 1177 the city was burned to the ground and its population was
murdered. After 1237-1238, when the Mongols captured the city, burning the
city to the ground and murdering the inhabitants, it recovered and became the
capital of an independent principality. In 1300 it was ruled by Daniil
Aleksandrovich, the son of Alexander Nevsky, and a member of the Rurik
Dynasty. Its favorable position at the headwaters of the Volga river let it
slowly expand. Moscow was also stable and prosperous for many years and
attracted a large numbers of refugees from across Russia. By 1304 Yury of
Moscow contested with Mikhail of Tver for the throne of the principality of
Vladimir. Ivan I eventually defeated Tver to become the capitol of Vladimir,
and the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol rulers. By paying high
tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan. Unlike other
principalities, Moscow would not be divided up among his sons, but would be
passed intact to his eldest. The Khan of the Golden Horde had long been
trying to limit Moscow's power.
But, when the growth of the Lithuanian empire began to threaten all of
Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it
to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1480, Ivan III is
said to have finally broken the Russias free from Tatar control (see Great
standing on the Ugra river) and Moscow became the capital of an empire which
would eventually encompass all of Russia and Siberia, and parts of many other
lands.
The tyranny of later Tsars, such as Ivan the Terrible, led to a decay of the
state, even as the empire was expanding. In 1571 the Crimean Tartars from the
Ottoman Empire seized and burned Moscow. From 1605 through 1612 Polish troops
occupied Moscow, as Poland got involved in an attempt of the Russian gentry
to establish a usurper on the throne, or to form a personal union between the
two biggest Slavic states. However, the Polish army had only half-hearted
support from the state, and the intervention was strongly criticized in the
Polish Sejm. Thus, in 1612, a Russian gentry made an another uprising that
this time was directed against the Poles, and in 1613, an assembly of the
Empire elected Michael Romanov tsar, establishing the Romanov dynasty.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
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