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Institute for Historical Review


The Jewish Role in the Bolshevik Revolution and Russia's Early Soviet Regime
Assessing the Grim Legacy of Soviet Communism
by Mark Weber
In the night of July 16-17, 1918, a squad of Bolshevik secret police murdered
Russia's last emperor, Tsar Nicholas II, along with his wife, Tsaritsa
Alexandra, their 14-year-old son, Tsarevich Alexis, and their four daughters.
They were cut down in a hail of gunfire in a half-cellar room of the house in
Ekaterinburg, a city in the Ural mountain region, where they were being held
prisoner. The daughters were finished off with bayonets. To prevent a cult
for the dead Tsar, the bodies were carted away to the countryside and hastily
buried in a secret grave.

Bolshevik authorities at first reported that the Romanov emperor had been
shot after the discovery of a plot to liberate him. For some time the deaths
of the Empress and the children were kept secret. Soviet historians claimed
for many years that local Bolsheviks had acted on their own in carrying out
the killings, and that Lenin, founder of the Soviet state, had nothing to do
with the crime.

In 1990, Moscow playwright and historian Edvard Radzinsky announced the
result of his detailed investigation into the murders. He unearthed the
reminiscences of Lenin's bodyguard, Alexei Akimov, who recounted how he
personally delivered Lenin's execution order to the telegraph office. The
telegram was also signed by Soviet government chief Yakov Sverdlov. Akimov
had saved the original telegraph tape as a record of the secret order.

Radzinsky's research confirmed what earlier evidence had already indicated.
Leon Trotsky

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Institute for Historical Review


Contemporary Voices of Warning
Well-informed observers, both inside and outside of Russia, took note at the
time of the crucial Jewish role in Bolshevism. Winston Churchill, for one,
warned in an article published in the February 8, 1920, issue of the London
Illustrated Sunday Herald that Bolshevism is a "worldwide conspiracy for the
overthrow of civilization and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of
arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality." The
eminent British political leader and historian went on to write:

There is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of Bolshevism
and in the actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution by these
international and for the most part atheistical Jews. It is certainly a very
great one; it probably outweighs all others. With the notable exception of
Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. Moreover, the principal
inspiration and driving power comes from the Jewish leaders. Thus Tchitcherin,
a pure Russian, is eclipsed by his nominal subordinate, Litvinoff, and the
influence of Russians like Bukharin or Lunacharski cannot be compared with the
power of Trotsky, or of Zinovieff, the Dictator of the Red Citadel (Petrograd),
or of Krassin or Radek

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Institute for Historical Review


The Jewish Role in the Bolshevik Revolution and Russia's Early Soviet Regime
Assessing the Grim Legacy of Soviet Communism
by Mark Weber
In the night of July 16-17, 1918, a squad of Bolshevik secret police murdered
Russia's last emperor, Tsar Nicholas II, along with his wife, Tsaritsa
Alexandra, their 14-year-old son, Tsarevich Alexis, and their four daughters.
They were cut down in a hail of gunfire in a half-cellar room of the house in
Ekaterinburg, a city in the Ural mountain region, where they were being held
prisoner. The daughters were finished off with bayonets. To prevent a cult for
the dead Tsar, the bodies were carted away to the countryside and hastily
buried in a secret grave.

Bolshevik authorities at first reported that the Romanov emperor had been shot
after the discovery of a plot to liberate him. For some time the deaths of the
Empress and the children were kept secret. Soviet historians claimed for many
years that local Bolsheviks had acted on their own in carrying out the
killings, and that Lenin, founder of the Soviet state, had nothing to do with
the crime.

In 1990, Moscow playwright and historian Edvard Radzinsky announced the result
of his detailed investigation into the murders. He unearthed the reminiscences
of Lenin's bodyguard, Alexei Akimov, who recounted how he personally delivered
Lenin's execution order to the telegraph office. The telegram was also signed
by Soviet government chief Yakov Sverdlov. Akimov had saved the original
telegraph tape as a record of the secret order.

Radzinsky's research confirmed what earlier evidence had already indicated.
Leon Trotsky

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Institute for Historical Review



Put To Death Without Trial
For a few months after taking power, Bolshevik leaders considered
bringing "Nicholas Romanov" before a "Revolutionary Tribunal" that would
publicize his "crimes against the people" before sentencing him to death.
Historical precedent existed for this. Two European monarchs had lost their
lives as a consequence of revolutionary upheaval: England's Charles I was
beheaded in 1649, and France's Louis XVI was guillotined in 1793.

In these cases, the king was put to death after a lengthy public trial, during
which he was allowed to present arguments in his defense. Nicholas II, though,
was neither charged nor tried. He was secretly put to death - along with his
family and staff

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Monarchist Sentiment
In spite of (or perhaps because of) the relentless official campaign during the
entire Soviet era to stamp out every uncritical memory of the Romanovs and
imperial Russia, a virtual cult of popular veneration for Nicholas II has been
sweeping Russia in recent years.

People have been eagerly paying the equivalent of several hours' wages to
purchase portraits of Nicholas from street vendors in Moscow, St. Petersburg
and other Russian cities. His portrait now hangs in countless Russian homes and
apartments. In late 1990, all 200,000 copies of a first printing of a 30-page
pamphlet on the Romanovs quickly sold out. Said one street vendor: "I
personally sold four thousand copies in no time at all. It's like a nuclear
explosion. People really want to know about their Tsar and his family." Grass
roots pro-Tsarist and monarchist organizations have sprung up in many cities.

A public opinion poll conducted in 1990 found that three out of four Soviet
citizens surveyed regard the killing of the Tsar and his family as a despicable
crime. Many Russian Orthodox believers regard Nicholas as a martyr. The
independent "Orthodox Church Abroad" canonized the imperial family in 1981, and
the Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church has been under popular pressure to
take the same step, in spite of its long-standing reluctance to touch this
official taboo. The Russian Orthodox Archbishop of Ekaterinburg announced plans
in 1990 to build a grand church at the site of the killings. "The people loved
Emperor Nicholas," he said. "His memory lives with the people, not as a saint
but as someone executed without court verdict, unjustly, as a sufferer for his
faith and for orthodoxy."

On the 75th anniversary of the massacre (in July 1993), Russians recalled the
life, death and legacy of their last Emperor. In Ekaterinburg, where a large
white cross festooned with flowers now marks the spot where the family was
killed, mourners wept as hymns were sung and prayers were said for the victims.

Reflecting both popular sentiment and new social-political realities, the
white, blue and red horizontal tricolor flag of Tsarist Russia was officially
adopted in 1991, replacing the red Soviet banner. And in 1993, the imperial two-
headed eagle was restored as the nation's official emblem, replacing the Soviet
hammer and sickle. Cities that had been re-named to honor Communist figures

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After years of official suppression, this fact was acknowledged in 1991 in the
Moscow weekly Ogonyok. See: Jewish Chronicle (London), July 16, 1991.; See
also: Letter by L. Horwitz in The New York Times, Aug. 5, 1992, which cites
information from the Russian journal "Native Land Archives."; "Lenin's
Lineage?"'Jewish,' Claims Moscow News," Forward (New York City), Feb. 28, 1992,
pp. 1, 3.; M. Checinski, Jerusalem Post (weekly international edition), Jan.
26, 1991, p. 9.
Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1990), p. 352.
Harrison E. Salisbury, Black Night, White Snow: Russia's Revolutions, 1905-1917
(Doubleday, 1978), p. 475.; William H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution
(Princeton Univ. Press, 1987), vol. 1, pp. 291-292.; Herman Fehst,
Bolschewismus und Judentum: Das jüdische Element in der Führerschaft des
Bolschewismus (Berlin: 1934), pp. 42-43.; P. N. Pospelov, ed., Vladimir Ilyich
Lenin: A Biography (Moscow: Progress, 1966), pp. 318-319. This meeting was held
on October 10 (old style, Julian calendar), and on October 23 (new style). The
six Jews who took part were: Uritsky, Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Sverdlov and
Soklonikov. The Bolsheviks seized power in Petersburg on October 25 (old
style)

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Institute for Historical Review


Appendix
A striking feature of Mr. Wilton's examination of the tumultuous 1917-1919
period in Russia is his frank treatment of the critically important Jewish role
in establishing the Bolshevik regime.

The following lists of persons in the Bolshevik Party and Soviet administration
during this period, which Wilton compiled on the basis of official reports and
original documents, underscore the crucial Jewish role in these bodies. These
lists first appeared in the rare French edition of Wilton's book, published in
Paris in 1921 under the title Les Derniers Jours des Romanoffs. They did not
appear in either the American or British editions of The Last Days of the
Romanors published in 1920.

"I have done all in my power to act as an impartial chronicler," Wilton wrote
in his foreword to Les Derniers Jours des Romanoffs. "In order not to leave
myself open to any accusation of prejudice, I am giving the list of the members
of the [Bolshevik Party' s] Central Committee, of the Extraordinary Commission
[Cheka or secret police], and of the Council of Commissars functioning at the
time of the assassination of the Imperial family.

"The 62 members of the [Central] Committee were composed of five Russians, one
Ukrainian, six Letts [Latvians], two Germans, one Czech, two Armenians, three
Georgians, one Karaim [Karaite] (a Jewish sect), and 41 Jews.

"The Extraordinary Commission [Cheka or Vecheka] of Moscow was composed of 36
members, including one German, one Pole, one Armenian, two Russians, eight
Latvians, and 23 Jews.

"The Council of the People's Commissars [the Soviet .government] numbered two
Armenians, three Russians, and 17 Jews.

"Ac.cording to data furnished by the Soviet press, out of 556 important
functionaries of the Bolshevik state, including the above-mentioned, in 1918-
1919 there were: 17 Russians, two Ukrainians, eleven Armenians, 35 Letts
[Latvians], 15 Germans, one Hungarian, ten Georgians, three Poles, three Finns,
one Czech, one Karaim, and 457 Jews."

"If the reader is astonished to find the Jewish hand everywhere in the affair
of the assassination of the Russian Imperial family, he must bear in mind the
formidable numerical preponderance of Jews in the Soviet administration,"
Wilton went on to write.

Effective governmental power, Wilton continued (on pages 136-138 of the same
edition) is in the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party. In 1918, he
reported, this body had twelve members, of whom nine were of Jewish origin, and
three were of Russian ancestry. The nine Jews were: Bronstein (Trotsky),
Apfelbaum (Zinoviev), Lurie (Larine), Uritsky, Volodarski, Rosenfeld (Kamenev),
Smidovich, Sverdlov (Yankel), and Nakhamkes (Steklov). The three Russians were:
Ulyanov (Lenin), Krylenko, and Lunacharsky.

"The other Russian Socialist parties are similar in composition," Wilton went
on. "Their Central Committees are made up as follows:"

Mensheviks (Social Democrats): Eleven members, all of whom are Jewish.

Communists of the People: Six members, of whom five are Jews and one is a
Russian.

Social Revolutionaries (Right Wing): Fifteen members, of whom 13 are Jews and
two are Russians (Kerenski, who may be of Jewish origin, and Tchaikovski).

Social Revolutionaries (Left Wing): Twelve members, of whom ten are Jews and
two are Russians.

Committee of the Anarchists of Moscow: Five members, of whom four are Jews and
one is a Russian.

Polish Communist Party: Twelve members, all of whom are Jews, including
Sobelson (Radek), Krokhenal (Zagonski), and Schwartz (Goltz).

"These parties," commented Wilton, "in appearance opposed to the Bolsheviks,
play the Bolsheviks' game on the sly, more or less, by preventing the Russians
from pulling themselves together. Out of 61 individuals at the head of these
parties, there are six Russians and 55 Jews. No matter what may be the name
adopted, a revolutionary government will be Jewish."

[Although the Bolsheviks permitted these leftist political groups to operate
for a time under close supervision and narrow limits, even these pitiful
remnants of organized opposition were thoroughly eliminated by the end of the
1921 .]

The Soviet government, or "Council of People's Commissars' (also known as
the "Sovnarkom") was made up of the following, Wilton reported:

Peoples Commissariat (Ministry) Name Nationality
Chairman V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) Russian
Foreign Affairs G.V. Chicherin Russian
Nationalities J. Dzhugashvili [Stalin] Georgian
Agriculture Protian Armenian
Economic Council Lourie (Larin) Jew
Food Supply A.G. Schlikhter Jew
Army and Navy [Military] L.D. Bronstein (Trotski) Jew
State Control K.I. Lander Jew
State Lands Kaufmann Jew
Works [Labor] V. Schmidt Jew
Social Relief E. Lilina (Knigissen) Jew
Education A. Lunacharsky Russian
Religion Spitzberg Jew
Interior Apfelbaum [Radomyslski] (Zinoviev) Jew
.Hygiene Anvelt Jew
Finance I. E. Gukovs [and G. Sokolnikov] Jew
Press Voldarski [Goldstein] Jew
Elections M.S. Uritsky Jew
Justice I.Z. Shteinberg Jew
Refugees Fenigstein Jew
Refugees Savitch (Assistant) Jew
Refugees Zaslovski (Assistant) Jew

Out of these 22 "Sovnarkom" members, Wilton summed'up, there were three
Russians, one Georgian, one Armenian, and 17 Jews.

The Central Executive Committee, Wilton continues, was made up of the following
members:

Y. M. Sverdlov [Solomon] (Chairman) Jew
Avanesov (Secretary) Armenian
Bruno Latvian
Breslau Latvian [?]
Babtchinski Jew
N. I. Bukharin Russian
Weinberg Jew
Gailiss Jew
Ganzberg [Ganzburg ] Jew
Danichevski Jew
Starck German
Sachs Jew
Scheinmann Jew
Erdling Jew
Landauer Jew
Linder Jew
Wolach Czech
S. Dimanshtein Jew
Encukidze Georgian
Ermann Jew
A. A. Ioffe Jew
Karkhline Jew
Knigissen Jew
Rosenfeld (Kamenev) Jew
Apfelbaum (Zinoviev) Jew
N. Krylenko Russian
Krassikov Jew
Kaprik Jew
Kaoul Latvian
Ulyanov (Lenin) Russian
Latsis Jew
Lander Jew
Lunacharsky Russian
Peterson Latvian
Peters Latvian
Roudzoutas Jew
Rosine Jew
Smidovitch Jew
Stoutchka Latvian
Nakhamkes (Steklov) Jew
Sosnovski Jew
Skrytnik Jew
L. Bronstein (Trotsky) Jew
Teodorovitch Jew [?]
Terian Armenian
Uritsky Jew
Telechkine Russian
Feldmann Jew
Fromkin Jew
Souriupa Ukrainian
Tchavtchevadze Georgian
Scheikmann Jew
Rosental Jew
Achkinazi Imeretian [?]
Karakhane Karaim [Karaite]
Rose Jew
Sobelson (Radek) Jew
Schlichter Jew
Schikolini Jew
Chklianski Jew
Levine-(Pravdine) Jew

Thus, concluded Wilton, out of 61 members, five were Russians, six were
Latvians, one was a German, two were Armenians, one was a Czech, one was an
Imeretian, two were Georgians, one was a Karaim, one. was a Ukrainian, and 41
were Jews.

The Extraordinary Commission of Moscow (Cheka) 'the Soviet secret police and
predecessor of the GPU, the NKVD and the KGB was made up of the following:

F. Dzerzhinsky (Chairman) Pole
Y. Peters (Deputy Chairman) Latvian
Chklovski Jew
Kheifiss Jew
Zeistine Jew
Razmirovitch Jew
Kronberg Jew
Khaikina Jew
Karlson Latvian
Schaumann Latvian
Leontovitch Jew
Jacob Goldine Jew
Galperstein Jew
Kniggisen Jew
Katzis Latvian
Schillenkuss Jew
Janson Latvian
Rivkine Jew
Antonof Russian
Delafabre Jew
Tsitkine Jew
Roskirovitch Jew
G. Sverdlov (Brother of president of the Central Executive Committee) Jew
Biesenski Jew
J. Blumkin (Count Mirbach's assassin) Jew
Alexandrovitch (Blumkin's accomplice) Russian
I. Model Jew
Routenberg Jew
Pines Jew
Sachs Jew
Daybol Latvian
Saissoune Armenian
Deylkenen Latvian
Liebert Jew
Vogel German
Zakiss Latvian

Of these 36 Cheka officials, one was a Pole, one a German, one an Armenian, two
were Russians, eight were Latvians, and 23 were Jews.

"Accordingly," Wilton