WALENTYNKI

[madohora]

Il existe plusieurs saints, donc plusieurs sites :

à Prades (Pyrénées-Orientales) se trouve une des têtes revendiquées de saint Valentin de Terni, conservée dans un buste-reliquaire de l'église Saint-Pierre. Cette relique provient de l'abbaye Saint-Michel de Cuxa qui l'avait acquise au Xe siècle

[madohora]

Comme on peut le lire dans diverses publication, certains auteurs, folkloristes, narrateurs, conteurs ou sites commerciaux, désireux de donner un lustre d'antiquité à la fête de Saint-Valentin, n'hésitent pas à faire un rapprochement hâtif avec les Lupercales et signalent que l’association du milieu du mois de février avec la fécondité et la fertilité date de l’Antiquité[réf. à confirmer]. Ils rappellent même que dans le calendrier du VIe et Ve siècle, de l’Athènes antique, la période de mi-janvier à mi-février était le mois de Gamélion, consacré au mariage sacré de Zeus et de Héra, mais on peut difficilement croire, sans sources probantes, que son souvenir ait traversé deux mille ans d'histoire20 alors que le calendrier attique avait depuis longtemps disparu vers le troisième siècle avant J.-C. et que son souvenir ne fut tiré de l'oubli que par les érudits de la Renaissance.

[madohora]

La Saint-Valentin s’est popularisée également en Inde et au Pakistan, provoquant l’hostilité de certains groupes opposés à cette influence occidentale

[madohora]

En Algérie, la Saint-Valentin (Aid El houb), fêtée le 14 février, est plus populaire chez les jeunes. Les couples s'offrent ce jour-là des roses et du chocolat et plus rarement d'autres cadeaux. Dans les écoles, on parle aussi d'élèves qui offrent des roses à leurs maîtresses.

[madohora]

En Tunisie, la Saint-Valentin, appelée Aïd el hob (عيد الحب, « la fête de l'amour »), est très populaire ; les couples profitent de ce jour pour s'offrir des cadeaux et organiser des sorties romantiques ou des repas en tête-à-tête

[madohora]

Dans de nombreux pays d'Amérique latine hispanophone comme la Bolivie, la Colombie et le Pérou, la fête s'appelle día del amor y amistad (« jour de l'amour et de l'amitié »). Au Mexique, la fête est également officieusement utilisée comme une journée en mémoire du chanteur Valentín Elizalde. En Bolivie, la fête se tient le 21 septembre, début du printemps dans l'hémisphère austral, la date du 14 février correspondant à l'attaque chilienne de 1879 et l'occupation du port d'Antofagasta à l'issue de la guerre du Pacifique. En Colombie, l'équivalent de la Saint-Valentin est fêté le troisième samedi du mois de septembre.

[madohora]

En Chine, à côté de la Saint-Valentin, il existe une fête traditionnelle, le Qi Qiao Jie (qǐqiǎo jié, 乞巧节), pour les amoureux, provenant d’une légende ancienne, dont la date est le septième jour du septième mois du calendrier lunaire.

[madohora]

This article is about the romantic holiday and liturgical celebration. For other uses, see Valentine's Day (disambiguation).
"St. Valentine's Day" redirects here. For the Bing Crosby album, see St. Valentine's Day (album).

[madohora]

There is a tradition that the Feast of Saint Valentine was established by Pope Gelasius I in AD 496 to be celebrated on February 14 in honour of Saint Valentine of Rome, who died on that date in AD 269.[9][10] The feast is found in the Gelasian Sacramentary (which was compiled after Gelasius), meaning that is has been observed since at least the eighth century. The day became associated with romantic love in the 14th and 15th centuries when notions of courtly love flourished, apparently by association with the "lovebirds" of early spring. In 18th-century England, it grew into an occasion in which couples expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards (known as "valentines"). Valentine's Day symbols that are used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.In Italy, Saint Valentine's Keys are given to lovers "as a romantic symbol and an invitation to unlock the giver's heart", as well as to children to ward off epilepsy (called Saint Valentine's Malady).

[madohora]

Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna (now Terni, in central Italy) and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian in 273. He is buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location from Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni (Basilica di San Valentino). Professor Jack B. Oruch of the University of Kansas notes that "abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe." The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a third saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him. A relic claimed to be Saint Valentine of Terni's head was preserved in the abbey of New Minster, Winchester, and venerated.

[madohora]

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, St. Valentine is recognized on July 6, in which Saint Valentine, the Roman presbyter, is honoured; in addition, the Eastern Orthodox Church observes the feast of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna, on July 30.

[madohora]

There is an additional embellishment to The Golden Legend, which according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added in the 18th century and widely repeated. On the evening before Valentine was to be executed, he is supposed to have written the first "valentine" card himself, addressed to the daughter of his jailer Asterius, who was no longer blind, signing as "Your Valentine."The expression "From your Valentine" was later adopted by modern Valentine letters. This legend has been published by both American Greetings and The History Channel.

[madohora]

According to legend, in order "to remind these men of their vows and God's love, Saint Valentine is said to have cut hearts from parchment", giving them to these soldiers and persecuted Christians, a possible origin of the widespread use of hearts on St. Valentine's Day.

[madohora]

No evidence has been demonstrated to link St. Valentine's Day and the rites of the ancient Roman purification festival of Lupercalia, despite persistent and sometimes detailed claims by many authors to the contrary, nor to any otherwise unspecified Greco-Roman holiday supposed to have celebrated love or fertility. The celebration of Saint Valentine is not known to have had any romantic connotations until Chaucer's poetry about "Valentine's Day" in the 14th century, some seven hundred years after celebration of Lupercalia is believed to have ceased.

[madohora]

The first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is believed to be in the Parliament of Fowls (1382) by Geoffrey Chaucer, a dream vision portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates. Honoring the first anniversary of the engagement of fifteen-year-old King Richard II of England to fifteen-year-old Anne of Bohemia,Chaucer wrote (in Middle English):

[madohora]

"For this was on Saint Valentine's Day
When every bird comes there to choose his match
Of every kind that men may think of
And that so huge a noise they began to make
That earth and air and tree and every lake
Was so full, that not easily was there space
For me to stand—so full was all the place."

[madohora]

Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls refers to a supposedly established tradition, but there is no record of such a tradition before Chaucer. The speculative derivation of sentimental customs from the distant past began with 18th-century antiquaries, notably Alban Butler, the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated even by respectable modern scholars. Most notably, "the idea that Valentine's Day customs perpetuated those of the Roman Lupercalia has been accepted uncritically and repeated, in various forms, up to the present".

[madohora]

The earliest surviving valentine is a 15th-century rondeau written by Charles, Duke of Orléans to his wife, which commences.

"Je suis desja d'amour tanné
Ma tres doulce Valentinée..."
— Charles d'Orléans, Rondeau VI, lines 1–2

[madohora]

John Donne used the legend of the marriage of the birds as the starting point for his epithalamion celebrating the marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England, and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, on Valentine's Day:

"Hayle Bishop Valentine whose day this is

All the Ayre is thy Diocese
And all the chirping Queristers
And other birds ar thy parishioners
Thou marryest every yeare
The Lyrick Lark, and the graue whispering Doue,
The Sparrow that neglects his life for loue,
The houshold bird with the redd stomacher
Thou makst the Blackbird speede as soone,
As doth the Goldfinch, or the Halcyon
The Husband Cock lookes out and soone is spedd
And meets his wife, which brings her feather-bed.
This day more cheerfully than ever shine

This day which might inflame thy selfe old Valentine."
— John Donne, Epithalamion Vpon Frederick Count Palatine and the Lady Elizabeth marryed on St. Valentines day

[madohora]

A reduction in postal rates following Sir Rowland Hill's postal reforms with the 1840 invention of the postage stamp (Penny Black) saw the number of Valentines posted increase, with 400,000 sent just one year after its invention, and ushered in the less personal but easier practice of mailing Valentines. That made it possible for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which is taken as the reason for the sudden appearance of racy verse in an era otherwise prudishly Victorian. Production increased, "Cupid's Manufactory" as Charles Dickens termed it, with over 3,000 women employed in manufacturing. The Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection at Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from early nineteenth century Britain, printed by the major publishers of the day. The collection appears in Seddon's book Victorian Valentines (1996).

[madohora]

Since the 19th century, handwritten notes have given way to mass-produced greeting cards. In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines, and around £1.9 billion was spent in 2015 on cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts. The mid-19th century Valentine's Day trade was a harbinger of further commercialized holidays in the U.S. to follow

[madohora]

Valentine's Day customs – sending greeting cards (known as "valentines"), offering confectionery and presenting flowers – developed in early modern England and spread throughout the English-speaking world in the 19th century. In the later 20th and early 21st centuries, these customs spread to other countries, like those of Halloween, or than aspects of Christmas, (such as Santa Claus).

[madohora]

In Guatemala it is known as Día del Cariño ('Affection Day').[96] Some countries, in particular the Dominican Republic and El Salvador, have a tradition called Amigo secreto ("Secret friend"), which is a game similar to the Christmas tradition of Secret Santa.

[madohora]

United States

In the United States, about 190 million Valentine's Day cards are sent each year, not including the hundreds of millions of cards school children exchange.

[madohora]

Bangladesh

Valentine's Day was first celebrated in Bangladesh by Shafik Rehman, a journalist and editor of Jaijaidin in 1993. He was acquainted with Western culture by studying in London. He highlighted Valentine's Day to the Bangladeshi people through Jaijaidin newspaper. Rehman is called the "father of Valentine's Day in Bangladesh". On this day, people in various bonds including lovers, friends, husbands and wives, mothers and children, students and teachers express their love for each other with flowers, chocolates, cards and other gifts. On this day, various parks and recreation centers of the country are full of people of love. No public holiday is declared on this day in Bangladesh.