Link do Koestlera, czyli o zydach i Chazarach

[el_shaddai]

198.62.75.1/www2/koestler/
The Thirteenth Tribe
The Khazar Empire and its Heritage
Arthur Koestler

This book traces the history of the ancient Khazar Empire, a major but almost
forgotten power in Eastern Europe, which in A.D. 740 converted to Judaism.
Khazaria, a conglomerate of Aryan Turkish tribes, was finally wiped out by
the forces of Genghis Han, but evidence indicates that the Khazars themselves
migrated to Poland and formed the craddle of Western (Ashkenazim) Jewry...
The Khazars' sway extended from the Black sea to the Caspian, from the
Caucasus to the Volga, and they were instrumental in stopping the Muslim
onslaught against Byzantium, the eastern jaw of the gigantic pincer movement
that in the West swept across northern Africa and into Spain.
Thereafter the Khazars found themselves in a precarious position between the
two major world powers: the Eastern Roman Empire in Byzantium and the
triumphant followers of Mohammed. As Arthur Koestler points out, the Khazars
were the Third World of their day, and they chose a surprising method of
resisting both the Western pressure to become Christian and the Eastern to
adopt Islam. Rejecting both, they converted to Judaism.
The second part of Mr. Koestler's book deals with the Khazar migration to
Polish and Lithuanian territories, caused by the Mongol onslaught, and their
impact on the racial composition and social heritage of modern Jewry. He
produces a large body of meticulously detailed research in support of a
theory that sounds all the more convincing for the restraint with which it is
advanced.
Mr. Koestler concludes: "The evidence presented in the previous chapters adds
up to a strong case in favour of those modern historians - whether Austrian,
Israeli or Polish - who, independently from each other, have argued that the
bulk of modern Jewry is not of Palestinian, but of Caucasian origin. The
mainstream of Jewish migrations did not flow from the Mediterranean across
France and Germany to the east and then back again. The stream moved in a
consistently westerly direction, from the Caucasus through the Ukraine into
Poland and thence into Central Europe. When that unprecedented mass
settlement in Poland came into being, there were simply not enough Jews
around in the west to account for it, while in the east a whole nation was on
the move to new frontiers" ( page 179, page 180).
"The Jews of our times fall into two main divisions: Sephardim and Ashkenazim.
The Sephardim are descendants of the Jews who since antiquity had lived in
Spain (in Hebrew Sepharad ) until they were expelled at the end of the
fifteenth century and settled in the countries bordering the Mediterranean,
the Balkans, and to a lesser extent in Western Europe. They spoke a Spanish-
Hebrew dialect, Ladino, and preserved their own traditions and religious
rites. In the 1960s, the number of Sephardim was estimated at 500000.
The Ashkenazim, at the same period, numbered about eleven million. Thus, in
common parlance, Jew is practically synonymous with Ashkenazi Jew." ( page
181).
In Mr. Koestler's own words, "The story of the Khazar Empire, as it slowly
emerges from the past, begins to look like the most cruel hoax which history
has ever perpetrated."

Mr. Koestler was an Ashkenazi Jew and took pride in his Khazar ancestry. He
was also a very talented and successful writer who published over 25 novels
and essays. His most successful book, Darkness at Noon, was translated in
thirty-three languages.
As expected, The Thirteenth Tribe caused a stir when published in 1976, since
it demolishes ancient racial and ethnic dogmas...At the height of the
controversy in 1983, the lifeless bodies of Arthur Koestler and his wife were
found in their London home. Despite significant inconsistencies, the police
ruled their death a suicide...

Map of the Khazar Empire

The Lord's Prayer in the Khazar language

PART ONE: RISE AND FALL OF THE KHAZARS

I - RISE

II - CONVERSION

III - DECLINE

IV - FALL

PART II - THE HERITAGE

V - EXODUS

VI - WHERE FROM ?

VII - CROSS-CURRENTS

VIII - RACE AND MYTH

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I - A NOTE ON SPELLING

APPENDIX II - A NOTE ON SOURCES

APPENDIX III - THE "KHAZAR CORRESPONDENCE"

APPENDIX IV - SOME IMPLICATIONS - ISRAEL AND THE DIASPORA

REFERENCES

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX