Kilka dni temu przekazałem do redakcji pewnego czasopisma moją pracę poglądową pt.:
“Clinical significance of knowledge about the structure, function and impairments of the working memory” Pragnę wzbudzić dyskusję tych osób, których także fascynuje teoria “Jak działa mózg”. Jak popatrzeć na rysunki próbujące jakoś zobrazować przynajmniej stronę anatomiczną owego „Working Memory System” – które przytaczam poniżej
- > to widać iż „urządzenie do wywoływania danych z pamięci" znajduje się w centralnej części mózgu ludzkiego.
Dla ewentualnej dyskusji powinny być pomocne podstawowe terminy, których określenia przytaczam.:
Trial of clarification of short intuitive definitions of terms related to the brain memory.
The presented below list of short decriptions of terms used in literature take into acount all quoted references and especially the texbook of Eric R. Kandel [16].
Episodic memory is the memory of own biographical events that can be precisely related in respect of time, location and associated emotions. Thus, it is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
Semantic memory comprise the memory of meanings, understandings, and concepts related to facts, information and general knowledge about the world. The semantic memory give meaning to otherwise meaningless words and sentences and enable learning of new knowledge on the basis of the past experiences.
Short-term memory is the capacity to keep a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time. Short-term memory should be distinguished from working memory, which refers to structures and processes used for temporarily storing and manipulating information. The relationship between short-term memory and working memory is presented variously by different theories. The notion of working memory is broader, more general because it refers to structures and processes used for temporarily stored and manipulated information.
Working memory is the system that actively maintain some amount of elements of information in the mind to enable the manipulation on them. This encompass tasks involved in reasoning and comprehension. The results of these manipulations can be available for further information-processing. Working memory tasks complete the goal-directed problem solving and actions. The information processing realized by working memory system consists on manipulations of elements recalled by short-term memory activities.
Long-term memory (LTM) refers to the unlimited, continuing memory store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time even for an entire lifetime. Long-term memory is mainly preconscious and unconscious. The information in LTM are to a great extent outside of our awareness, but can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some of this information is easy to recall, while other are much more difficult to access.
LTM is usually divided into
declarative (explicit) memory and
procedural (implicit) memory. Declarative memory includes all information that are available in consciousness. Declarative memory can be further divided into episodic memory (specific events) and semantic memory (knowledge about the world). Procedural memory comprise information about the pattern of the body movement and procedures how to use objects in the environment.
Autobiographical memory contain information about specific personal, experienced events and personal facts. It refers to person's history. Autobiographical memory enable the reconstruction of the evolving process of own history, however this reconstruction can be inexact and distorted.
Podsumowanie mojej pracy poglądowej jest następujące.:
[ “Overview of practical, clinical significance of knowledge about the working memory.
Knowledge of the construction of the WMS is important for any physicians. Doctors are often faced with the need to assess working memory capacity in children and youths during their development as well as in the elderly [11,44]. The slow deterioration of the efficiency of the working memory system in old age is a physiological phenomenon. It can, however, occur early so called syndromes of mild cognitive impairment [41]. Doctors should be able to notice that the mild cognitive impairments appeared in their patients too early and has a pathological features. In addition to the need of evaluations of physiological changes of working memory capacity or the recognition of impairments which occurred prematurely the physicians should be able to establish a proper diagnosis of syndromes in the course of which there is a substantial impairment of WMS. We discussed above only in brief the problems of the evaluation of damages of working memory in schizophrenia [31,32,33,34], Attention-Deficit - Hyperactivity Disorder [35], Bipolar Disorder [35,37], Major Depression [38], Parkinson disease [39,40] and dementive syndromes [42,43]. It seems to us that the understanding of the structure and function of the working memory system will help doctors in practical assessment of their patients [4,30]. Clinical physicians can also designate appropriate treatment in the form of recently elaborated training methods [ 45 - 49]. They can be interested also in the development of pharmacological methods influencing the capacity of working memory [50,51]. The understanding of WMS should facilitate also design of further clinical studies, which would clarify numerous problems related to the functioning of human memory in disease states.
Conclusions
1. Medical education should include concepts of different types of memory such as episodic
semantic, short- term, long – term, autobiographical, etc.
2. Medical education in the realm of neurophysiology should include knowledge of the
essence of cognitive processes of perception, recalling from memory, mental imaginary,
and manipulations on recalled mental images. .
3. Education and professional practice of clinician should enable to acquire the ability to
assess working memory capacity and knowledge about physiological processes of
changes of WMS capacity during growing up, adolescence and in the course of aging.
4. The clinician should be aware of the specificity of the working memory disorders in the
course of mental disorders like schizophrenia, Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
episodes of depression, bipolar depressive disorder, Parkinson's disease, mild and severe
dementia syndromes.
5. Clinicians should be familiar with already established methods improving the efficiency
of the working memory
6. Researchers of the WMS should improve models of its structure and function taking
into account the roles of different parts of the system already discerned, such as
hippocampus, amygdale, the temporo - parietal and prefrontal and frontal part of the
memory system.
7. Researchers of WMS should assemble data about genetic conditions of the working
memory disorders and their relationships to mental and behavioral disorders. ..”]
Zachęcam osoby zainteresowane neuro – fizjologią i naukami kognicyjnymi do swoich spostrzeżeń na temat, jakimi prostymi sposobami dysponujemy – aby szybko móc ocenić wydolność pamięci roboczej pewnej osoby.
Niezwykle użyteczne są przy tym te sposoby oceniania wydolności WMS, które wykazują szczególne odmienności, charakterystyczne dla osób zagrożonych rozwinięciem się schizofrenii a w szczególności schizofreni
