kkkaczory_piss_brothers
01.08.03, 21:40
PRZEDZIAL PROCENTOWY HOMOSEKSUALISTOW W SPOLECZENSTWIE JEST
STALY I WYNOSI OD 5 DO 10% .
Nie wszyscy homoseksualisci maja wybor, niektorzy sa
biologicznie zdeterminowani i nie maja/mieli zadnego wplywu na
wybor seksualnosci
(dla wierzacych – BOG WYBRAL ZA NICH).
Nie wszyscy ulegaja chwilowej modzie, niektorzy nie maja wyboru.
Homoseksualizm nie jest domena naszego gatunku, jest on również
spotykany u innych zwierzat.
WYNIKI BADAŃ NAD DETERMINIZMEM SEKSUALIZMU
> Genetic research using family and twin methodologies has
> produced consistent evidence that genes influence sexual
> orientation, but molecular research has not yet produced
> compelling evidence for specific genes.
Fragment ten ( nie bedacy pustym wycinkeim reszty atykulu,ale
stanowiacy jego
integralna czesc - oddajaca jak najbardziej 'ducha' tekstu -
czego dowodem zamieszczony ponizej artykul ) dowodzi, ze
badania ostatniej dekady pozwolily wypracowac juz
zarysy neurohormonalnej teorii dotyczacej orientacji
seksualnej; jej
ugruntowana juz czesc (dowiedziona) stanowia wlasnie odkrycia
podloza
genetycznego odpowiedzialnego za orientacje seksualna -
doslownie:'.. that
gens influence sexual orientation'.
Jedynym problemem jest wytypowanie poszczegolnych genow
odpowiedzialnych za
taki stan rzeczy:
> but molecular research has not yet produced
> compelling evidence for specific genes.
- ale wszyscy wiemy, ze to pozostaje bez wplywu na
udokumentowana juz czesc
teorii determinizmu seksualnosci - a stanowi zadanie dla
dalszych badan molekularnych.
Należy również pamietac, iż geny determinuja ilosc, jakosc,
funkcjonalnosc wszystkich substancji/czesci/organow naszego
organizmu (w przypadku tej teorii jest to istotne ze względu na
zagadnienie powstawania / produkcji HORMONOW).
Należy dodac, iż na zarodek maja wplyw również chormony
produkowane przez matke, wiec jej material genetyczny (także
substancje chormonalne przyjmowane z zewnatrz – nie produkowane
bezposrednio, ani przez matke, ani przez plod).
Jednakze, nie ma przekonujacych doniesien naukowych, iz
chormony podawane doroslym o uksztaltowanym mozgu(nalezy
zauwazyc roznice pomiedzy nieuksztaltowanym mozgiem
zarodka/plodu, a uksztaltowanym mozgiem czlowieka) zmieniaja
ich zapatrywania seksualne (badania na zwierzetach potwierdzaja
taka korelacje).
Ten przeglądowy artykuł najlepiej dowodzi faktu wplywu genow na
determinacje seksualnosci:
A critical review of recent biological research on human
sexual orientation.
Mustanski BS, Chivers ML, Bailey JM.
Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington
47405,
USA. bmustans@indiana.edu
This article provides a comprehensive review and critique of
biological research on sexual orientation published over the
last decade. We cover research investigating (a) the
neurohormonal theory of sexual orientation
(psychoneuroendocrinology, prenatal stress, cerebral
asymmetry,
neuroanatomy, otoacoustic emissions, anthropometrics), (b)
genetic influences, (c) fraternal birth-order effects, and (d)
a
putative role for developmental instability. Despite
inconsistent results across both studies and traits, some
support for the neurohormonal theory is garnered, but mostly
in
men. Genetic research using family and twin methodologies has
produced consistent evidence that genes influence sexual
orientation, but molecular research has not yet produced
compelling evidence for specific genes. Although it has been
well established that older brothers increase the odds of
homosexuality in men, the route by which this occurs has not
been resolved. We conclude with an examination of the
limitations of biological research on sexual orientation,
including measurement issues (paper and pencil, cognitive, and
psychophysiological), and lack of research on women.
Warto zwrocic uwage rowniez na ponizej przedstawione
streszczenia artykulow:
The Etiology of Anomalous Sexual Preferences in Men
VERNON L. QUINSEY
Psychology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario,
K7L 3N6, Canada
Address for correspondence: Vernon L. Quinsey, Ph.D., Professor
of Psychology
and Psychiatry, Psychology Department, Queen's University,
Kingston, Ontario,
K7L 3N6. Voice: 613-533-6538; fax: 613-533-2499.
quinsey@psyc.queensu.ca
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 989: 105-117 (2003).
People discover rather than choose their sexual interests. The
process of
discovery typically begins before the onset of puberty and is
associated with
an increase in the secretion of sex hormones from the adrenal
glands. However,
the determinants of the direction of sexual interest, in the
sense of
preferences for the same or opposite sex, are earlier. These
preferences,
although not manifest until much later in development, appear
to be caused by
the neural organizational effects of intrauterine hormonal
events. Variations
in these hormonal events likely have several causes and two of
these appear to
have been identified for males. One cause is genetic and the
other involves
the sensitization of the maternal immune system to some aspect
of the male
fetus. It is presently unclear how these two causes relate to
each other. The
most important question for future research is whether
preferences for
particular-aged partners and parts of the male courtship
sequence share causes
similar to those of erotic gender orientation.
REGULAR ARTICLES
Neurobiology and sexual orientation: current relationships
RC Friedman and J Downey
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University of Physicians and
Surgeons, New
York, NY.
Despite great progress in the neurosciences, our understanding
of the
determinants of sexual orientation is incomplete. The authors
review for the
clinician/neuropsychiatrist studies pertaining to the formation
of sexual
orientation in the following areas: hormone effects on sexual
behavior (animal
and human); the complicated relationship between gender
identity, gender role,
and sexual orientation in humans; cross- cultural studies of
homosexuality;
behavioral observations in pseudohermaphrodites and offspring
of mothers
treated with hormones during pregnancy; brain studies of
homosexual and
heterosexual individuals; and genetic studies. The authors
conclude that human
sexual orientation is complex and diversely experienced and
that a
biopsychosocial model best fits the current state of knowledge
in the field.
Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation
TERRANCE J. WILLIAMS1, MICHELLE E. PEPITONE1, SCOTT E.
CHRISTENSEN1, BRADLEY M. COOKE1, ANDREW D. HUBERMAN1, NICHOLAS
J. BREEDLOVE1, TESSA J. BREEDLOVE1, CYNTHIA L. JORDAN1 & S.
MARC BREEDLOVE1
Department of Psychology and Graduate Groups Neuroscience,
Endocrinology, 3210 Tolman Hall, MC 1650, University of
California , Berkeley, California 94720-1650, USA
e-mail: breedsm@socrates.berkeley.edu
Animal models have indicated that androgenic steroids acting
before birth might influence the sexual orientation of adult
humans. Here we examine the androgen-sensitive pattern of
finger lengths, and find evidence that homosexual women are
exposed to more prenatal androgen than heterosexual women are;
also, men with more than one older brother, who are more likely
than first-born males to be homosexual in adulthood, are
exposed to more prenatal androgen than eldest sons. Prenatal
androgens may therefore influence adult human sexual
orientation in both sexes, and a mother's body appears
to 'remember' previously carried sons, altering the fetal
development of subsequent sons and increasing the likelihood of
homosexuality in adulthood.
